The Nakba - a report from the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Intelligence Department, June 1948.

Date:

785 Megosztás 🔥 Valós idejű közösségi interakciók

Utolsó frissítés: 2026.08.24. — Szerző: Anti-Propaganda News Blog

1. A hivatalos narratíva cáfolata és a „zsidó erők tényezője”

Az évtizedekig fennálló hivatalos izraeli narratíva szerint a palesztin lakosság 1948-ban azért hagyta el otthonát, mert az arab államok és az Arab Felsőbb Bizottság vezetői erre utasították őket a rádióban és felhívásokban.

Az IDF saját korabeli hírszerzési elemzése ezzel szemben egyértelműen megállapítja:

  • A menekülés 70%-a közvetlenül a zsidó katonai akciók (Haganah, Irgun, Lehi támadásai, tüzérségi lövetések, pszichológiai hadviselés, valamint a nagy városok elesése) miatt következett be.

  • The arab vezetők utasításai mindössze a kivándorlás 5%-áért feleltek.

  • A maradék részért a pánik, a felmorzsolódó bizalom, valamint a helyi feladás vagy megnemtámadási tárgyalások kudarca volt a felelős.

2. Az „Új Történészek” és Benny Morris áttörése

Az 1980-as években az izraeli archívumok részleges megnyitásával indult el az úgynevezett „Új Történészek” (New Historians) mozgalma, amelynek egyik vezető alakja, Benny Morris ebben a dokumentumban találta meg a legfőbb bizonyítékot The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem című alapvető művéhez.

Morris és kutatótársai (pl. Ilan Pappé, Avi Shlaim) megmutatták, hogy a palesztin lakosság elvándorlása nem egy önkéntes távozás volt, hanem a katonai műveletek és a pszichológiai nyomásgyakorlás közvetlen következménye.

3. Az archívumi cenzúra és az Akevot Intézet szerepe

A dokumentum utóélete a memóriapolitika és az állami cenzúra működését is megvilágítja:

  • Miután Benny Morris 1986-ban publikálta a jelentés tartalmát, az izraeli védelmi minisztérium biztonsági igazgatósága (DSDE/Malmab) titkosította és eltávolította a dokumentumot a nyilvános archívumokból, hogy megakadályozza a hivatalos állami narratíva sérülését.

  • The Akevot Intézet (egy független izraeli emberi jogi és kutatóintézet) éveken át tartó jogi és archívumi munkával találta meg a dokumentum egy másik példányát a Yad Ya’ari Archívumban, és hozta azt nyilvánosságra teljes terjedelmében.

4. A menekültprobléma gyökerei

A jelentés utolsó fejezete rávilágít arra, hogy a szomszédos arab államok (Szíria, Libanon, Transzjordánia, Egyiptom) a kezdetektől fogva súlyos gazdasági és társadalmi teherként élték meg a menekültek tömeges érkezését. A dokumentum rámutat, hogy az arab államok próbálták visszatartani a lakosságot, sőt a sorkatonai korú férfiakat visszatérésre buzdították, de a kialakult pánikot és az elvándorlási hullámot már nem tudták megállítani.

Summary: Ez a 1948-as hírszerzési jelentés az egyik legobjektívebb korabeli bizonyíték arra, hogy a palesztin exodus döntően katonai és pszichológiai nyomás következménye volt. Megjelentetése és elemzése a mai napig a Közel-Kelet történelmi emlékezetéről és felelősségvállalásáról szóló tudományos és politikai viták gyújtópontjában áll.

Izraeli hírszerzési jelentés Palesztina elnéptelenedéséről, 1948. június 30.

 

Hírszerző Szolgálat (arab szekció)

Erec Jiszráél [Palesztina] arabok vándorlása

1947. december 1. és 1948. június 1. között

1948. június 30.

A dokumentum bevezetője, készítette: Akevot (Izraeli-Palesztin Konfliktuskutató Intézet), 2019. július 4.

[ Egy 1948-as (…) Izraeli Védelmi Erők hírszerzési jelentése, amelyet az 1980-as években történt leleplezése óta eltitkoltak, ellentmond az izraeli narratívának az izraeli arab lakosok 1948-as háború alatti elvándorlásának fő tényezőjéről. E dokumentum szerint a háború első hónapjaiban a zsidó harcosok műveletei voltak az arab elvándorlás fő okai, és az arab vezetés szerepe a „menekülés” ösztönzésében elhanyagolható volt. Az Akevot Intézet a teljes dokumentumot a „ELhallgattatás: A DSDE dokumentumainak elrejtése az archívumokban” című jelentésének megjelenése után teszi közzé.

Az 1948-as háború első szünetében az Izraeli Védelmi Erők Hírszerző Osztálya jelentést készített az arab lakosság elvándorlásának mértékéről a háború kezdete óta. A 25 oldalas, „Az Erec Jiszráéli arabok migrációja 1947. december 1. és 1948. június 1. között” című dokumentum arra a következtetésre jut, hogy az arabok mintegy 70%-ának elvándorlása ebben az időszakban a zsidó erők által végrehajtott katonai műveleteknek tulajdonítható, míg az arab vezetők által kiadott parancsok csak 5%-os elvándorlást érintettek. Maga a tíz oldalas jelentés áttekinti a migráció mértékét és okait, valamint bemutatja azokat a területeket, ahová az elvándoroltak érkeztek. A melléklet tartalmazza az egyes közösségek lakosainak kiürítésének mértékét és okait.

A dokumentumot először a Hashomer Hatzair Archívumban (Yad Ya’ari) fedezte fel Benny Morris történész az 1980-as évek közepén, aki ezt használta fel „Az arab kivonulás okai és jellege Palesztinából: Az Izraeli Védelmi Erők Hírszerző Osztályának 1948. júniusi elemzése” című cikkének alapjául. Morris számos ténybeli hibát jelölt meg, de összességében megbízhatónak találta a jelentést.

Miután Morris cikke 1986-ban megjelent, a dokumentumot eltávolították a nyilvánosság elől, kezdetben az állami főlevéltáros, később pedig a DSDE utasítására, a Védelmi Hivatal biztonsági igazgatójának széleskörű és jogellenes munkája részeként, amelynek célja a különböző archívumokban található dokumentumokhoz való nyilvános hozzáférés megtagadása volt. (…) Az Akevot Intézet kutatói a dokumentum egy másik példányát találták a Yad Ya’ari Archívumban, és azt itt tesszük közzé először teljes egészében .

Tartalomjegyzék

1. Általános bevezetés.

2. Az arab migráció alapvető adatai

3. Az evakuálás és a migráció országos szakaszai

4. Az arab migráció okai

5. Arab migrációs pályák és beilleszkedési kérdések

Mellékletek

1. Regionális áttekintések, amelyek elemzik a migrációs problémákat az egyes területeken [Hiányzik a dokumentumból]

2. A kiürített falvak térképei területenként, feltüntetve a migráció okait és a migrációs pályákat minden falu esetében

1. Általános bevezetés

Ezen áttekintés célja, hogy megkísérelje értékelni a migráció intenzitását és különböző fejlődési szakaszait, feltárja a népességmozgást közvetlenül befolyásoló különböző tényezőket, és felmérje a főbb migrációs pályákat. Természetesen, tekintettel az Erec Jiszráélre vonatkozó általános statisztikai adatok jellegére, amelyek önmagukban is hiányosak, nehéz lenne teljes bizonyossággal abszolút számokat meghatározni a migrációs mozgásról, de úgy tűnik, hogy az itt közölt adatok, még ha nem is biztosak, közel állnak az igazsághoz. Ezért tíz-tizenöt százalékos hibahatárt kell figyelembe venni. Az Izrael Államon kívüli terület lakosságára vonatkozó adatok kevésbé pontosak, és a hibahatár nagyobb. Ez az áttekintés 1948. június 1-jéig foglalja össze a helyzetet (csak egyetlen esetben – Dzsenin evakuálása esetén – tartalmaz későbbi eseményt is).

2. Az arab népességmozgás alapvető adatai Erec Jiszráélben

a. Az Erec Jiszráél felosztásáról szóló ENSZ-nyilatkozat [határozat] idején a következő számadatok voltak érvényesek a héber állam határain belül:

1.

219 arab falu.

2.

4 arab lakosságú város (Haifa, Tiberias, Safed, Beit Shean)

3.

Izrael állam arab vidéki lakossága

190 000

4.

Izrael állam arab városi lakossága

92 000

5.

A beduin lakosság Izrael államban, a Negevben volt

60 000

 (becslés)

342 000

 

b. Izrael Államból kivándorlók üteme 1948. június 1-jéig (beleértve Dzsenint és a déli területeket is, 1948. június 14-ig):

1.

Körülbelül 180 arab falu üres.

2.

3 város teljesen üres, Haifában pedig mindössze 5000 lakos él.

3.

Az ország teljes vidéki arab lakosságából a vándorlók száma:

152 000

4.

Az ország teljes városi arab lakosságából a vándorlók száma

87 000

5.

A negevi beduinok egyáltalán nem vándoroltak ki az országból.

6.

Izrael államot elhagyók összesen

239 000

 

Százalékban kifejezve:

1.

Az országban található arab vidéki települések 82%-át elhagyták.

2.

Az ország teljes vidéki arab lakosságának 80%-a elhagyta az országot.

3.

Az ország teljes városi arab lakosságának 94%-a elhagyta az országot.

4.

A teljes negevi beduin lakosság 0%-a vándorolt.

 

c. A migráció mértéke az arab állam + Jeruzsálem területén:

1.

Legalább 70 arab falut evakuáltak az arab államban.

2.

Három arab várost evakuáltak – egyet teljesen (Jenin), kettőt pedig a lakosság többségével. (4000 ember maradt Akkóban és 4600 Jaffában).

3.

Két másik arab várost (Lod, Ramla) részben evakuáltak.

4.

50 000 arab állambeli falusi hagyta el és vándorolt ​​el.

5.

72 000 városi lakos hagyta el és vándorolt ​​ki az arab államból.

6.

Az arab államból kivándorolt ​​arabok teljes száma: 122 000.

7.

30 000 arab vándorolt ​​ki Jeruzsálemből.

8.

Összesen 152 000 eretz jisareli arab vándorolt ​​el Izrael államán kívüli lakóhelyéről.

 

d. Az Izrael Államban maradt arabok száma:

1.

Izrael Államban maradt városi lakosok száma

5000

2.

Izrael Államban maradt falusiak száma

38 000

3.

Izrael államban maradt beduinok száma (a Negevben)

60 000

[Teljes]

103 000

4.

39 lakott arab falu maradt az országban (Néhányról nincs információ arról, hogy elhagyták volna).

5.

 Izrael Állam városai közül csak egyben él arab lakosság (Haifa: 5000 fő).

 

e. A migrációs mozgás üteme Erec Jiszráél egészében:

A lakóhelyüket elhagyni kényszerült arabok száma 391 000.

(Ahogy a bevezetőben is említettük, a hibahatár 10%-15%).

Hozzászólások:

1. További részletekért ezekről a számadatokról és területi bontásukról lásd az alábbi táblázatot.

2. A falvak, városok, az evakuálás okainak, a repülési útvonalaknak stb. a listáját lásd a mellékelt mellékletekben.

3. Az arab migráció szakaszai

A hat hónapos arab migráció (1947 decemberétől májusáig és azon túl) négy különálló szakaszból áll:

Első szakasz: december elején kezdődik és február végéig tart.

Második szakasz: Március hónap.

Harmadik szakasz: Április hónap.

Negyedik fázis: Május hónap.

A fázisok részletesen:

Első fázis: Ennek a szakasznak a fő jellemzője, hogy ebben az időben a migrációs mozgalom csak most kezdődik. Kevés helyen fordul elő. Az ország minden frontján a mozgás rendkívül csekély. Csak a Központi Régióban történik a mozgás a fázis végén, azaz többnyire februárban, amikor ott megkezdődik a mozgás, és intenzitása önmagában közepes.

Második fázis: Ebben a szakaszban a legtöbb fronton kismértékű mozgás érzékelhető, sőt, enyhe csökkenés tapasztalható az első fázishoz képest. Egyes frontokon úgy tűnik, hogy a migráció csökken. Ez különösen igaz a Központi Régióra, ahol az első fázisban aktivitás volt érezhető. Azonban ahol az országos tendencia a csökkenő tendencia, a Jaffa-i front, valamint a Galileai-tenger környéke növekedést mutat, amely erősebb intenzitású, mint az első fázisban az evakuálás intenzitása.

Harmadik fázis: Ezt a fázist szinte a legtöbb fronton mérsékelt növekedés jellemzi, mérsékelt növekedés a Galileai-tenger térségében Tiberias kiürítésével. Mérsékelt növekedés a Haifa térségében Haifa kiürítésével. Mérsékelt növekedés a Tel-Hai körzetben, fokozott tevékenységgel a részünkről. Nem változott a migráció helyzete a Negevben, ahol még nem kezdődött meg a kiürítés. Kiegyensúlyozott helyzet Jaffa kiürítése tekintetében – azaz enyhe növekedés az előző fázishoz képest és annak folytatásaként. A migrációs mozgás csökkenése a Gilboa térségében. Ugyanakkor jelentős növekedés tapasztalható a Központi Régióban, amely ebben a hónapban tetőzik, mind országos szinten, mind magában a régióban a mozgás tekintetében. Összefoglalva: a harmadik fázis mérsékelt általános növekedést mutat egy csúcsponttal és egy csökkenő tendenciával.

A negyedik fázis: Ez a szakasz május hónapot öleli fel. Ez az arab migráció fő és döntő szakasza Erec Jiszráélben. Migrációs pszichózis kezd kialakulni, az arab erővel kapcsolatos bizalmi válság. Ennek eredményeként a migrációt ebben a bölcsességben a következők jellemzik:

Jelentősen megnőtt a migrációs pálya Tel-Hai körzetben.

Gilboa

Jaffa

Nyugat-Galilea

A Negev falvaiban ebben a hónapban zajlik az evakuálás. Másrészt a Központi Régió már elérte a csúcspontját, mivel a legtöbb falut kiürítették. Ezért a Központi Régió számára ez a szakasz az „utolsó szakasz”. Mivel a Központi Régióban megmaradt falvak száma kicsi volt, az itt érzékelt látszólag jelentős csökkenés nem több, mint az utolsó simítás. Az egyetlen hely, ahol valódi csökkenés érezhető ebben a hónapban, a Galileai-tenger környéke.

Következtetés: Az Erec Jiszráéli arabok tömeges migrációja április-májusban zajlott. Május volt a tetőpont, és ezt a hónapot tartják számon, amikor az arab migráció, vagy pontosabban az arab menekülés nagy része lezajlott.

4. Az arab migráció okai

a. Általános

Ésszerű feltételezni, hogy ez a migráció nem anyagi okokból történt – legyen az a munkahely-, élelmiszerhiány vagy bármilyen más anyagi nehézség. Amíg a lakosok a helyükön maradtak, az arab gazdaság nem sérült olyan mértékben, hogy az a lakosság önfenntartó képességét meghiúsította volna. A pénzügyi tényező csak a migrációs mozgalom legkezdeti szakaszában volt motiváló tényező a migrációban, amikor a gazdag arabok, akik meg akarták őrizni vagyonukat és gyáraikat, gyorsan kivándoroltak. Az arab gazdasági stabilitás ingadozása a városokban érezhető volt, ez az ingadozás egyes társadalmi rétegek migrációs katalizátora volt, de ez az ingadozás – mint például a gazdagok migrációja – nem számít fő tényezőnek az Erec Jiszráél arabok tömeges migrációjának tárgyalásakor.

Az is ésszerű feltételezni, hogy a népességmozgás nem „tisztán” politikai tényezők eredménye volt, azaz: a szűkebb értelemben vett politikai döntéseknek semmilyen hatásuk nem volt a migrációs mozgalomra. Bár a tömeges arab migráció különösen májusban terjedt el, ezt nem szabad a hónap politikai jelentőségének eredményének tekinteni. Itt meg kell jegyezni, hogy amennyiben voltak olyan helyszínek, ahol a politikai tényező motiválta a migrációs mozgalmat, ez a városokra korlátozódott, ott is nagyon korlátozott rétegekben és elenyésző mértékben. Ezek a számok olyan kicsik az általános migrációs hullámhoz és annak intenzitásához képest, hogy teljes bizonyossággal feltételezhető, hogy a politikai tényezőknek semmilyen hatásuk nem volt az arab lakosság mozgására.

A migrációt befolyásoló tényezők áttekintése során felsoroljuk azokat a tényezőket, amelyek meghatározó hatással voltak a népességvándorlásra. Egyéb, lokalizált és kisebb léptékű tényezőket az egyes kerületek migrációs mozgásának külön áttekintéseiben sorolunk fel. A tényezők fontossági sorrendben a következők:

1. Közvetlen zsidó ellenséges akciók az arab közösségek ellen.

2. Az ellenséges fellépésünk hatása a migránsok lakóhelyével szomszédos közösségekkel szemben (különösen itt a nagy szomszédos közösségek bukása).

3. A disszidensek [Irgun, Lehi] által tett lépések.

4. Arab intézmények és bandák által kiadott parancsok és irányelvek.

5. Zsidó suttogó műveletek [pszichológiai hadviselés], amelyek célja az arabok menekülésre kényszerítése volt.

6. Evakuálási ultimátumok.

7. A zsidók elleni nagyobb arab támadás esetén a zsidók megtorlásától való félelem.

8. Bandák és külföldi harcosok megjelenése a falu közelében.

9. Az arab inváziótól és annak következményeitől való félelem (főleg a határok közelében).

10. Arab falvak, elszigetelten a tisztán zsidó területeken belül.

11. Various local factors and general fear of upcoming events.

b. Detailed description of the factors.

There is no doubt that hostilities were the main factor in the movement of population. In each district a wave of migration began as our activities in that area increased and expanded. In general, it can be said that the month of May marked for us the transition to large-scale operations, and therefore the evacuation of as many settlements as possible took place in May. The departure of the English, which was only the other side of the coin, naturally helped the evacuation, but it seems that the British evacuation, rather than directly influencing the migration, freed our hands for action.

It should be noted that the intensity of the attack was not always decisive, as other factors also came to the fore – mostly psychological. The element of surprise, long artillery strikes with extremely loud explosions, and Arabic loudspeakers proved very effective when used properly (especially in Haifa!);

However, it has been proven that the actions had no less impact on neighboring communities than on the community that was directly targeted. The evacuation of one particular village as a result of our attack also dragged down several neighboring villages.

The effect of the fall of large villages, centers, cities or fortresses, which occupied large communities around them, is particularly striking. The fall of Tiberias, Safed, Samakh, Jaffa, Haifa and Acre triggered several large migration waves. The psychological motivation here was: „When the mighty fall…” In summary, at least 55% of the total migration movement was motivated by our actions and their effects.

Dissident actions and their impact as a motivation for migration: Dissidents as a motivation for migration were particularly prominent in the Jaffa-Tel Aviv area, the Central Region, the South and the Jerusalem area. Elsewhere they had no direct impact on the evacuation. Dissident actions with a special impact: Deir Yassin, kidnapping of five dignitaries from Sheikh Muwannis, other southern actions. The Deir Yassin action had a particularly strong impact on the Arab psyche. Much of the immediate flight that occurred when the attacks were launched, especially in the central and southern areas, was a panic flight that arose from this factor and can be identified as a decisive catalyst. Panic flight was also triggered by the actions taken by the Irgun and Lehi themselves. Many villagers in the Central Region fled after the kidnapping of Sheikh Muwannis' dignitaries. The Arab realized that it was not enough to make a deal with the Haganah, and that there were „other Jews” with whom one had to be careful, perhaps even more careful than with the members of the Haganah, which had no power over them.

The impact of dissidents on the evacuation of the city of Jaffa and the Jaffa countryside is clear and decisive – a decisive and critical factor among the factors of migration. If we were to assess the contribution of dissidents to the evacuation of Arabs in Eretz Yisrael, we would find that they had a direct impact of approximately 15% on the total intensity of migration.

To summarize the previous sections, it can therefore be said that the impact of the "Jewish military actions" (Haganah and dissidents) on migration was decisive, as approximately 70% of the residents left their community and emigrated as a result of these actions.

Orders and directives issued by Arab institutions and gangs: This evacuation, which we can call an „ordered evacuation,” was carried out for strategic reasons, at the request of the gangs, the Arab Higher Committee, or the Transjordanian government—either because they wanted to turn the village into a base for launching attacks against the Jews, or because they understood that the village could not be defended, or because they feared that it would become a fifth column, especially if an agreement was made with the Jews. The impact of this factor was felt mainly in the Gilboa area (threats to Zu'biya), the Sea of Galilee area (Circassian villages), the Tel-Hai area (border villages), the center (some cases), and the Jerusalem area (the orders of the legion to evacuate a number of villages to serve as bases in North Jerusalem, and the order issued by the Arab Higher Committee to the village of Esawiyah). However, compared to other factors, this element did not have a decisive weight, and its impact accounts for about 5% of all villages that were evacuated for this reason.

Jewish psychological warfare to drive Arab residents to flee. This type of action, if considered part of a national phenomenon, was not a widespread factor. However, 18% of the villages around Tel-Hai, 6% of the villages in the central region, and 4% of the villages in the Gilboa region were evacuated as a result.

While in the center and the Gilboa region such actions were not planned or carried out on a large scale and therefore had a smaller impact, in the Tel-Hai area such actions were planned and carried out on a fairly large scale and in an organized manner and therefore had greater results. The action itself took the form of „friendly advice” given by Jews to their neighboring Arab friends. This type of action resulted in up to 2% of the total national migration.

Our ultimatums to the Arab villages: This factor was particularly felt in the central areas, less so in the Gilboa area and to some extent in the Negev. Of course, these ultimatums, like the friendly councils, came only after the ground had been prepared to a certain extent by the hostilities taking place in the area. Therefore, these ultimatums were more of a final push than a decisive factor. Two percent of all the evacuated village settlements in the country were evacuated due to ultimatums.

Fear of reprisals. This evacuation, which can also be called an „organized evacuation,” usually occurred after actions were launched against Jews from the village or its surroundings. An Arab attack on a Jewish convoy (such as the „Ehud” convoy to Ahiam) or a Jewish-Arab battle (the Mismar HaEmek front, the Gesher front, the attack on Lehavot, etc.) automatically had the effect of evacuating nearby villages. One percent of the evacuated Arab settlements left due to this factor.

All the other factors listed, such as the appearance of gangs and foreign fighters near a village, the fear of the consequences of an Arab invasion that could turn the village into a battlefield, especially on the borders of the country, and the fact that certain villages were isolated within purely Jewish areas, were also motivations for evacuation, depending on the location. In some areas they had a greater impact than in others, just as in other areas they had almost no impact. All these factors combined add up to a maximum of 1%.

General fear. Although this factor was listed last, it had a significant impact and played a significant role in the evacuation. However, due to its general nature, we decided to close the list with this one. When the war began, various reasons created a general fear in the Arab public, who, for no apparent reason, decided to emigrate. However, this general fear was the primary manifestation of the „crisis of confidence” in the Arab forces.

It is reasonable to assume that 10% of all villages were evacuated for this reason, so in practice the effect of the „crisis of confidence” was the third most important factor after our and the dissidents’ actions and their impact. Local factors also had a rather significant impact on the migratory movement: the failure of negotiations, limited settlement plans, the inability to adapt to certain realities, the failure of negotiations to maintain the status quo or non-aggression agreements – all of these had an impact in some areas (for example, in the south), but were not present in others. It can be said that 8-9% of the evacuated villages in the country were evacuated due to various local factors. These factors are listed by settlement in the attached regional overviews.

General notes:

1. Evacuation psychosis:

The pace of evacuation was often accelerated by the emergence of an evacuation psychosis, similar to a contagious disease. For example, it is reasonable to assume that the mass arrival of refugees from Haifa in Acre, who spread evacuation psychosis among the inhabitants of Acre, had a decisive effect. Smaller attacks and various catalyzing factors led to a mass migration movement from Acre, in which this psychosis also played a role. When examining the reasons for the evacuation, it seems that this „invisible” factor cannot be ignored.

2. The typhus epidemic, where it appeared, served as a catalyst for the evacuation – it was not the disease itself, but the panic caused by rumors of the disease's spread that motivated the evacuation.

3. The impact of extremely loud explosives, loudspeakers, etc. as psychological intimidation actions on the migration movement should be highlighted (incidentally, there has been no attempt to mount loud sirens on the wings of aircraft bombing enemy positions – so these could have a great impact).

4. In places where a serious Arab fighting force was present, the village could not easily be evacuated, and only a direct, serious action could defeat this force and lead to evacuation.

5. In the early stages of the evacuation, when the scope was still small, Arab institutions tried to counter the escape and curb the waves of migration. The Arab Supreme Committee decided at that time to take measures to curb the escape by imposing restrictions and penalties, threats and propaganda in the press, radio, etc. In this matter, the Arab Supreme Committee tried to seek the help of neighboring countries, which often shared their interests on this point. They tried mostly to prevent the escape of young men of military age. However, these measures were not at all successful, since no positive measures were taken that could curb the factors that motivated and facilitated migration. The measures taken by the preventive mechanism simply led to corruption, and permits were issued for bribes. When the mass exodus occurred, this mechanism also collapsed, leaving only sporadic propaganda that produced no real results.

5. Arab migration routes

a. Általános

One of the central issues in the debate on Arab migration in Eretz Yisrael is the new centers where these migrants are concentrated. In this issue, rural and urban migrants represent two different themes. As a general rule, the origin of a group largely determined the destination of migration. The majority of Haifa's residents come from Lebanon and Syria, so the migration routes of most Haifa residents led to Lebanon and Syria. Similarly, the residents of Faluja in Jaffa returned to their villages. However, it should be noted that the majority of the wealthy urban residents and the wealthy people living in the cities migrated abroad.

Urban Arabs showed a more pronounced migratory tendency. The route to the „final destination” for urban residents was much shorter than for rural residents. While urban residents did not move between stops en route, rural residents often had to move from one place to another several times. This history of rural migration arose for several reasons, but the family origins of the villagers largely determined the migratory routes chosen by the refugees. For example, in the first phase of evacuation and escape, migrants usually moved from airplanes to the mountains or from the south to the coastal region.

Another factor that influenced migration trajectories in rural areas in the early stages was the flight of villagers to the nearest, largest Arab urban center – even if they had no family, work or acquaintances there. Here, security was the decisive factor. This factor was largely integrated with the previous factors, and in other cases, in the absence of other factors, it was the decisive factor. For these reasons, a villager had to divide his migration route into several stages, several stops without his knowledge – since these factors did not always lead to a safe area.

A review of the migration routes of the villagers reveals multiple stops, a trend that is much less evident in the migration of urban dwellers. For example, some residents of the southern village of Beit Susin migrated to al-Mugha, then to Yavneh, from Yavneh to Ashdod, and from Ashdod to Gaza. As a result, villages that served as destinations in the first phase of the escape became escape points in the second phase, and so on. Many migrated to Beit Shean from neighboring villages and had to flee there when the residents of Beit Shean themselves fled.

It is also important to note that since the villagers' migration routes were initially quite short (in terms of their distance from the village), and since we evacuated a village without stationing a permanent unit there, returns to evacuated villages also occurred, forcing us to participate in the evacuation of the residents of a given village more than once.

There are no „national migration centers” to speak of, not only because no one organized the migration movement and no one took care to direct it along certain paths, but also because of the paths of the Arab migration movement. It is true that we eventually find centers where many Arab migrants remain, many of whom came from different parts of the country. This is the result of a long route with many stops that was random, determined solely by security criteria. In this regard, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt and Transjordan abroad, the Arab Triangle, the area around Ramallah and Birzeit, and the southern coastal plain of Eretz Yisrael constitute the main centers that received Arab migration in Eretz Yisrael. However, this should not be taken as an indication of a national level.

One of the main questions we cannot answer is: How many migrated abroad and how many to centers within Eretz Yisrael? We can only make a few assumptions on this question:

1. The wealthier urban dwellers migrated primarily to Arab countries.

2. Many villagers, including financially poor villagers mostly from border areas, migrated to Syria and Lebanon.

3. The main migration to Egypt came from Jaffa, the south, Haifa and Jerusalem.

4. The main migration to Transjordan came from the communities of the Sea of Galilee, the Yisrael District, the Gilboa District, Akko, Jaffa, and Jerusalem.

5. Syria and Lebanon appear to have received the majority of migrants abroad, followed by Transjordan and finally Egypt.

b. Population absorption centers

Below is a list of the centers to which refugees have migrated. The list is divided by different parts of the country, and the centers for each district or area are listed in order of importance.

1. Tel Hai District

Syria

Lebanon

Darabshiyah

Hula Swamps

Golan

Saxony

Kadita

 

2. Sea of Galilee

Transjordan

Syria

Lebanon

Nazareth and its surroundings

Lubja

Moghar

Boutaiha

Haifa

Samak (until it fell)

Safe (until it fell)

 

3. Jezreel District

„"Triangle" villages

Carmel villages

Safuria

Good

Turan

Abu Shush

Nazareth

Transjordan

 

4. Gilboa

Transjordan

Nazareth and its surroundings

Arabic triangle

Mount Gilboa

Beit Shean (until it fell)

   

 

5. Haifa city limits

Syria

Lebanon

Lebanese border region

Triangle (until it fell)

Nazareth and Sepharam

Few people go to Egypt

Few people go to Cyprus

 

 

6. Acre city limits

Lebanon

Border villages

Transjordan

Few people go to Cyprus

 

7. Haifa-Western Galilee District

Northern border villages (Yarka, Tarshiha)

Lebanon

Triangle

Ghabisijya

Saxony

Ijzim

Dahlia

Ein Hawd

Umm a-Zinat

   

 

8. Central region

Nablus

My arm

Rummanah

Umm al-Fahm

Barta'ah

Baka al-Gharbiya

Yat

Kufreind

Taybeh

Qalansuwa

Kalkiliya

Kafr Kasem

Maidal

Tantura

Ijzim

Beit Lid

Ramla

Horse

a-Sindiyana

Haifa (until it fell)

 

9. Jaffa city limits

Ramla

Horse

Gaza

Khan Yunis

Southern Coastal Plain

Egypt

Amman (some)

Syria, Lebanon (some)

 

10. Villages of Jaffa

Southern

Triangle

Ramla

Horse

 

11. South

Gaza and the coastal plain

Ramla

Horse

Hammam (some)

Masmiyya (some)

Beersheba (a very small number)

 

 

12. Negev

Gaza

Coastal areas outside the country

Khan Yunis

Maidal

Beit Lahyia

Nazla

Khreibeh

Damra

 

13. Jerusalem

Hebron

Bethlehem

Beit Jala

Ramallah

Birzeit

Transjordan

Gaza and Egypt

Syria (the rich)

Lebanon (the rich)

Egypt (the rich)

 

c. Absorption problems

The integration of wealthy Arabs was not a problem in itself, as they took care of themselves and, to a greater or lesser extent, managed the new living costs. However, since the majority of migrants did not come from this social class, not to mention that many left without any assets, serious problems arose with integration when the waves of migration arrived. The problems became more and more serious over time. This was manifested in the fact that Arab countries constantly called on refugees to return to their homes and artificially pressured young men of military age to return to the front. The sheer number of declarations issued by Syria and Lebanon indicates that the refugees were becoming a serious burden and that they were clearly leaving their mark on the economies and societies of neighboring countries – especially Syria and Lebanon. It is no coincidence that Azzam Faha stated that the number of refugees from Eretz Yisrael abroad reaches 250,000 (the figure may be a slight exaggeration, but it is close to reality). It is also no coincidence that the Transjordanian radio station – Radio Jerusalem – began broadcasting announcements, a series of „educational lectures” to the people of Eretz Yisrael, urging them to return to their homeland and help „the war effort”, providing „conclusive evidence” that the returnees were not risking their lives, especially considering the fact that „only 10% is fighting anywhere in the world, while the rest are serving in the hinterland”, and especially „when the Arabs are on the verge of certain victory”. King Abdullah’s announcements regarding refugees, etc. are also typical. These announcements and statements simply demonstrate that already in the first weeks after the peak of migration, at the end of May and the beginning of June, the refugee problem in neighboring countries began to become a concern in various ways, which we will discuss below. The problem was particularly vexing because of the particularly large number of poor people among the migrants.

One of the important questions regarding the problem of Arab migration was whether or not the Arab migrant would become a fighter. The Arab fighter did not become a fighter. His only goal at the moment was to collect alms. He accepted the lowest standard of living and chose it instead of entering the war. Many factors are at play here, but two are of central importance: First, the assessment of Jewish strength and the crisis of confidence in the strength of the Arabs. Second, the war in Eretz Yisrael developed in such a way that there was no room for „volunteers” to fight, not to mention the fact that the main volunteer force, the „Liberation Army,” had disintegrated by that time. The refugee problem afflicting Arab countries has a significant impact on society and the economy and brings with it problems that will only get worse, especially since Arab countries are not taking serious, comprehensive and organized measures to solve the problem.

 

———-

Annex 1

Evacuated Arab villages by district :

a. Tel-Hai district

Total population: 23,790

20,620 people migrated

3170 left

Village population in normal times

Madahil

)

Kirad al-Ghannameh

350

Arabic al-'Azaziat

)

410

Kirad al-Baqqara

360 degrees

Khisas

530

Deishum

590

Zuq a-Tahtani

)

Maliki

360 degrees

Zuq al-Fawqani

)

1050

Nabi Yusha'’

70

Shawka

200

Kadász

320

Abil al-Qamh

330

Apple

950

Hunin

1620

Saliha

1130

Khalisa

1840

Rihaniyya

290

Naima

1310

Ras al-Ahmar

660

Lazzaza

230

Melody

360 degrees

Qaitiyya

940

Kadita

240

Manshiyya (together with Zuq a-Tahtani) Ammuqa a-Tahta )

Mansura

360 degrees

Ammuqa a-Fuqa

)

140

Abyssinia

830

Ein Zaitun

620

Dawwara

700

Birija

240

Hamra

Mirun

290

Muftakhira

350

Mughr al-Kheit

490

Salihiya

1520

Mansourat al-Kheit

900

Zawiya

760

Arab al-Heib

Yahula

420

Jauna

1150

Buwaiziyya

510

Zhahiriya

350

Khiyam al-Walid

210

Akbara

410

Dirbashiyya

310

Safed

5770

Ghuraba

220

Samui

310

Arab a-Zubaid

)

Fir'im

740

Mallah

)

890

Kabba'a

460

Baisamun

20

Marus

80

Ulmania

260

Arab al-Zangharijya

840

 

Evacuation degree

Date

Village

Full/Partial

Reason for evacuation

Evacuation route, notes

18.1

Mughr al-Kheit

F

Our retaliation

To Syria after our sheep were stolen

herd

„

Mansourat al-Kheit

„

„”

To Syria

12.2

Shawka

„

„”

Shawka returned to Fuqaha shortly thereafter.

26.3

Khisas

P

29.3

Khiyam al-Walid

F

Participated

attack on Lehavot

To Syria. Some of them later returned.

7.4

Madahil

To the Golan Heights

20.4

Arab a-Zubaid

F

General departure

from the Mughrabi

To Lebanon

20.4

Ulmania

F

Our offer

Many died.

21.4

Husseiniya

F

The impact of our actions

In Ulmania

22.4

Kirad al-Baqqara

F

The impact of our actions

„and fear of invasion.

To Syria. Some joined the Syrians

army

22.4

Kirad al-Ghannameh

F

The effect of the action and

fear of invasion

To Syria. Some joined the Syrians

army

30.4

Madahil

F

Before the attack

Kfar Szold

To the Golan Heights. He knew the

attacked him and then fled before him.

1.5

Arabic al-'Azaziat

F

Attack on Kfar

Sell

To Banyas. I joined gangs.

1.5

Khiyam al-Walid

F

„”

To Saida, Syria. He fled completely.

after returning earlier.

1.5

Hamra

F

Attack on Lehavot,

our harassment

To Syria and Dirbashia.

He participated in the attack on Lehavot.

1.5

Ghuraba

P

Attack on Lehavot,

our harassment

To Syria and Dirbashia.

He participated in the attack on Lehavot.

1.5

Muftakhira

P

Attack on Lehavot

In Dirbashiyya. Come back later.

2.5

Ein Zaitun

F

Destruction

village next to us

Many died.

2.5

Birija

F

„”

„”

2.5

Qaitiyya

P

Harassment, threats

about the attack and the passage of the convoy

He returned later.

3.5

Hunin

F

Fear of our attacks

In Lebanon

4.5

Arab a-Zangharijya

F

Searches by us

Syria (?)

4.5

Arab al-Qudeiriyya

F

„”

„

4.5

Arab as-Samakiya

F

„”

„

9.5

Jauna

F

As Safed stumbled

Ras al-Ahmar. Our deeds in Safed

had an impact.

9.5

Deishum

F

Concentration

gangs, us, them and our actions

To Lebanon

10.5

Safed

F

Invaded

Beirut, Damascus, Huran. Critic

impact on the surrounding area.

10.5

Akbara

F

Many died.

10.5

Zhahiriya

F

Safe landing (?)

10.5

Abil al-Qamh

F

Fear of invasion,

Safed fell.

To Lebanon. Some fled

the beginning of events.

11.5

Kadita

F

Fall of Safed's impact

Sa'sa' – outside the borders of the state

Israel.

11.5   Zuq a-Tahtani  F ” ” ” „ To Lebanon 
11.5  Khalisa F He asked for help in the fall of Safed. He refused. He fled. ‘To 'Udaysha, Lebanon. It was there

We had an agreement with them before. We held our own.

11.5  Buwaiziyya F He fled to

Evacuation of Khalisa

To Lebanon. They are afraid because they

they were standing in our traffic line.

12,5 Samui F Fall of Safad 
14.5 Naima F ”" "„ To Syria. He started negotiations.

in advance, but the fall of Safed was decided.

14.5 Shawka F ”"fear"

invasion

To Syria
16,5 Muftakhira F The sheikh was

He was afraid and left with everyone else.

This is the last flight after they

once returned.

16,5 Nabi Yusha'’ F Against our attack

Police

19,5 Qaitiyya F Threats and ours

whispering operations by us

Final exit as some have returned.
21,5 Zuq al-Fawqani F Our whisper

operation and mortars

The effect of mortars is strong.
21,5 Lazzaza F Our whisper

operation

To Syria
24,5 Manshiya F Our whisper

operation

To Lebanon.
24,5 Zawiya F Our attack Some to the Hula Swamps, others

Syria.

24,5 Ammuqa a-Tahta F Our offer To Lebanon.
24,5 Ammuqa a-Fuqa F ”" "„ ”" "„
25,5 Khisas F Whispering

operation and safe effect

To Syria
25,5 Saliha F Our warnings and

Whisper operation

Some into the swamps, others

Syria

25,5 Mansura F Our whisper

operation

To Syria
25,5 Baisamun F ”" "„ „"„
25,5 Abbasiya F A flight from Mansura was affected by traffic To Syria
25,5 Dawwara F Whisper operation Towards Dirbashiyya
25,5 Salihiya F We wanted to negotiate. We didn't show up. We were afraid. Friendly village, fear because we

did not show up to negotiate.

26,5 Fir'im F Our attack on them To Lebanon
26,5 Kabba'a F Our attack on them „"„
26,5 Marus F Our attack on them and the surrounding area „"(?)
28,5 Maliki F Our occupation To Lebanon. He wanted to return and tried to negotiate.
28,5 Kadász F The impact of Malikiyya's occupation To Lebanon
28,5 Ghuraba F Final evacuation

 

b. Sea of Galilee area

Village population in normal times

Maghar

2140

            Kafr Sabt

480

Jaquq

210

            Samra and Nuqib

290

as-Samakiya

380

            Kafr Kama

660

a-Tabigha

330

            Ubeidiyya

920

Ghuweir Abu Shusha

1240

            ‘'Ulam

720

Eilabun

550

            al-Hamah

290

Maidal

240

            Hadatha

550

Arab al-Mawasi

1870

            Tiberias

5770

Bu'eineh

540

            Adasiyya

Nimrin

320

            Sirin

Hittin

1190

            Madhar

510

Lubja

2350

            Samakh

3660

Shajara

770

            Arab a-Zubaid

Al-Manara

490

            Khirbat al-Qadish

410

Arab Nasir a-Din

90

Evacuation degree

Date

Village

Full/Partial

Reason for evacuation

Evacuation route, notes

22.12

Tiberias

–

Fear

From the outline area to the central areas

1.2.48

Samakh

P

Tension as it settles

at an intersection

Mostly the rich, women and

children were evacuated. Their 50% left before the full evacuation.

5.3

Ubeidiyya

F

Fear is the next consequence

surrounded by Jews

Around Nazareth

15.3

Adamiya

F

Transjordan

government orders

Because they are Persians, many

Persia and the rest of Transjordan

6.4

Sirin

F

Transjordan

government orders

Nazareth and the area of Transjordan

6.4 ‘'Ulam F „” ”"" ""”
6.4 Hadatha F „” ”"" ""”
6.4 Madhar F „” ”"" ""”

15.4

Samakh

F

They are afraid when

heard about the Tiberias operation

To the border villages of Transjordan.

Bedouins.

18.4

Tiberias

F

Our actions. The lack of

local leaders. The rich had fled earlier

Nazareth, Lubya, Hammah – Syria,

Transjordan, Lebanon

19.4 Arab al-Zubaid F Tiberias effect.

Ein Mahilba. Sometimes they come down to work in the fields

21.4 Samra and Nuqib F Tiberias effect In the mountains of Syria. The village is inhabited by tenant farmers. Of Syrian origin.
21.4 Khirbat al-Qadish „”  Towards Lubya and Samakh
21.4 Abu Ghuweir

Susa

P „”
21.4 Arabic Shajara P „” Nazareth
21.4 Samakh P Against our attack

Samakh

To Transjordan. The foreigners didn't let everyone go.
22.4 Maidal F Our attack.

Tiberias and the Samakh effect

To Transjordan. They were transported by buses.
22.4 Kafr Sabt F Tiberias and

Samakh effect

23.4 Nasir a-Din F The band's appearance Lubja and its surroundings
28.4 Samakh F The police's job Hamah to Transjordan
„"„ Ghuwier F It was the fall of Tiberias

very strong effect

28.4 Abu Susa F Fall of Samakh In the surrounding mountains
1.5 a-Tabigha F Samakh effect To Syria and Safed
6.5 Arabic Shajara F Our attack To the area around Nazareth.

 

about Gilboa district

Village population in normal times

Qumya

450

Arab al-Bawati

)

Shulammite

500

Kafr Bawiti

)

700

Dahi

120

Hamidiya

300

No

200

Beit Shean

5000

Indur

600

Arab as-Zinati

500

Tamra

70

Arab 'Arida

)

Kafr Misr

400

Arab Sofa

)

600

Tira Harb

200

Arab al-Khuneizir

400

To Taiyi

450

            Farwaniya

350

Naura

250

Samaria

500

Kafra

700

Jabbul

250

Yubla

150

Zirin

1300

(outside the country)

Murassas

600

Nouris

700

Dana

400

Mazar

350

Bira

500

Sandals

350

Kawkab al-Hawa

600

High Falcon

120

Arab al-Bashatiwa

1000

Arabic a-Szakhina

200

The extent of the discharge

Date

Village

Full/

Partial

Reason for evacuation

Evacuation route, notes

30.3

Qumya

F

Isolation among Jews, lack of transportation and work

To Beit Shean, Nazareth and Transjordan

30.3

Bawiti

F

Easy retaliation

To Transjordan. Bedouin

15.4

Tira

F

Friendly Jewish advice

1.5

Beit Shean

P

Fear and the Haifa Effect

To the Triangle and Transjordan

1.5

Jabbul

P

Fear

1.5

Hamidiya

P

Fear, proximity to Jews

1.5

Zirin

P

Factors in our attacks

11.5

Farwaniya

F

Our offer

Towards the Triangle

12,5

Beit Shean

F

Occupation. Fear. Haifa effect

The evacuation lasted until 22.5.

12,5

Hamidiya

F

The fall of Beit Shean

To Transjordan, to the Triangle

(Arraba)

12,5

Samaria

P

Farwana's influence

Towards the Triangle

16,5

Kawkab al-Hawa

F

Our occupation of the village

Towards Transjordan

16,5

Kafra

F

Kawkab effect occupation

To Transjordan and the Triangle

16,5

Yubla

F

Kawkab action effect

Towards Transjordan

16,5 Murassas F „ „ „ „
16,5 Dana F „ „ „ „
16,5 Bira F „ „ „ „
16,5 Arab al-Bashatiwa F „ „ „ „

16,5

Arabic a-Szakhina

F

Because of the attack on Tira Zvi. Afraid to be around Jews. Harassment.

– catalyst.

He went up to Gilboa.

18,5

Jabbul

F

The impact of what we did in Kawkab

To Transjordan?

20,5

Shulammite

F

Members of the Zu'biya. patronized Arabs.

To Nazareth.

20,5

Dahi

F

 To Nazareth.

20,5

No

)

F

Evacuated upon arrival

„

20,5

Tamra

)

F

threatening letters to

„

  20,5

Kafr Misr

)

F

gangs, and with the arrival of

 „

20,5

Tira Harb

)

F

foreigners coming to the area – they are afraid of it

„

20,5

To Taiyi

)

F

their villages would be occupied

„

20,5

Naura

)

F

by foreigners

20,5

Khuneizir

F

 Beit Shean and Gesher front

 Towards Gilboa

20,5

Arab Sofa

F

 „”

 to Transjordan (originally from here

 Transjordan

20,5

Arab 'Arida

F

 „”

„”

20,5

Arab as-Zinati

F

 „”

„”

24,5

Indur

F

 „”

 To the area around Nazareth

27,5

Samaria

F

 Our action in the village

 Towards the Triangle

28,5

Dana

F

 Our notification of the evacuation

28,5

Zirin

F

 Profession

30,5

Mazar

F

31,5

Sandals

F

 

 Influenced by Mazar's occupation

 

 

d. Jezreel District

Population in normal times

Nazareth

14 200

Ghubayya Fawqa

)

Zipporah

4330

Ghubayya Tahta

)

Kafr Manda

1260

Naghnaghiya

)

1260

Rummanah

880

Abu Susa

720

Kaffir Can

1960

Qira

140

Reina

1200

Umm a-Zinat

1450

Mashhad

660

a-Rihaniyya

340

Illut

1310

Daliyat a-Rawha

310

Ma'lul

690

Buteimat

110

Yafia

1400

Khubbeiza

290

Iksal

1000

Umm al-Shawf

530

Dabburiya

1290

Umm al-Fahm

4000

Ein Mahil

1040

Arabic a-Zubaidat

Sejera (sea)

Galilee District)

Arab al-Khalf

Lid al-'Awadin

710

Arab As-Saida

Ain al-Mansi

100

Arabic al-Kabiyya

Laijun

600

Arab al-Hujayrat

200

Jenin

3850

Arab al-Javamys

150

Zabuba

560

Arab al-Mazarib

100

Arabic Susaf

150

Arab al-Ghazalin

Arab Hudeidin

Arab Zbeih

1500

Kufreind

920

Arab Sayyida

Waldheim

260

Beit Lahem

8800

Mujahideen song

1600

The extent of the discharge

Date

Village

c

Reason for evacuation

Evacuation route, notes

Shajara

F

Our attack

Nazareth, Tur'an, En-Mahil

Lid al-'Awadin

F

Mishmar HaEmek

effect

To the Triangle. He tried to return, and

expelled.

Ain al-Mansi

F

Our attack

Towards the Triangle

Laijun

F

„”

„

Jenin

F

„”

„". A serious focus of the invasion

Rummanah

F

Fear of attack

Towards the Triangle

Zabuba

F

„”

„

Ghubayya Fawqa

F

  Our attack

„

Ghubayya Tahta

F

„”

„

Abu Susa

F

„”

„

Qira

F

  Fear and the impact of attacks on the area.

Towards Transjordan

Umm a-Zinat

F

  Our attack

To Karmel and Umm al-Fahm

Rihaniyya     F   Fear „ „ „

Daliyat a-Rawha

F

  Fear

Towards the Triangle

Buteimat

F

   „

Towards Umm al-Fahm

Khubbeiza

F

   „

„

16.4

Arabic a-Zubaidat

F

  Ramat Yohanan incidents

Tzipori lands

Arab al-Khalf    F „ „” 
Arab Sayyida     F „”  „” 

Arab al-Mazarib

P

  Concerns

Arab Zbeih

P

  Our attack

Tur'an, Nazareth, Carmel

Arab As-Saida

F

  Mishmar HaEmek Incidents

To the Carmel

Arab al-Hujayrat

F

  Mishmar HaEemek, Ramat Yohanan incidents

Towards Tzipori

Arabic Susaf

F

To Abu Susa and Mansi

9.2 Arab Hudeidin     F „ „ „ 

Naghnaghiya

F

Kufreind

F

   

 

e. Haifa and Western Galilee District

District population in normal times

Shfaram

3950

Manshiya

1140

Balad a-Sheikh

4500

Sumerian

820

Haifa

71200

A-Zib

2050

Al-Mazra'a

460

al-Bassa

3140

Ard al-Sharis

Umm al-Faraj

860

Yajur

610

Nahr

3070

Ghabisijya

740

Amqa

1930

Fureidis

870

Kuvaik

1130

Acre

15000

Damun

340

Ein Ghazal

2410

Sheikh Daud

590

Ijzim

2970

Kafr Lam

380

Iqrit

520

Ein Hawd

380

Quseir

320

Jabba

1270

Bills

1800

Cabri

1640

Umm a-Zinat

1470

 

 

The extent of the discharge

Date

Village

Full/

Partial

Reason for evacuation

Evacuation route, notes

7.1

Balad a-Sheikh

P

Refinery incident

To the Triangle and Acre

7.1

Hawassa

P

„”

„”

3.2

Haifa

P

I'm afraid of what's to come.

Syria and Lebanon, especially

rich evacuated

6.2

Mazraa

F

Surrounded by Jews

Some remained under protection

General McMillan

12.2

Ard al-Sharis

F

Appearance of a foreign force

Towards Shfaram

18.2

Yajur

P

18.2.

Haifa

P

Fear for children

To Lebanon. [Archbishop George]

Hakim's surgery

15.3

Arab al-Ghuneima

P

Haifa effect

To and around Damun

4.4

Hawassa

Many

4.4

Ghabisijya

P

18.4

Jaguar

Many

The appearance of Muhammad Mahmoud

To the Triangle, Kabri and Acre.

20.4

Shfaram

P

Druze defeat at Ramat Yohanan

To Nazareth

22.4

Tira

P

Appearance of foreigners

22.4

Haifa

Most

Haifa occupation operation

To Lebanon, Syria, Acre, Triangle

and Tantura

24.4

Reidis

[Fureidis?]

Many

Order from the Arab army to evacuate women and children

25.4

Acre

The rich

Haifa's action effect

To the border villages, to Lebanon

25.4 A-Sheikh Everyone    „ „ „        „ „ „    
25.4 Hawassa F    „ „ „        „ „ „    
25.4 Yajur F    „ „ „        „ „ „    
25.4 Ein Ghazal P    „ „ „           Towards the Triangle
25.4 Ijzim  P    „ „ „      „    
26.4 Iqrit P Rumor about the convoy to Yehiam  Northward, to the border
27.4 Quseir P Haifa effect  Northwards
1.5 Acre Many  „”    
2.5 Bills All For Sasha and Shaab
3.5 Tira Many  Appearance of foreigners.  Foreigners' Center
5.5 Cabri All Fear of retaliation after attack on Ehud  [illegible], Lebanon, north
6.5 Acre Many Harassment, typhus epidemic  To Haifa, Transjordan, Syria

 

f. Central Region and Jaffa District

District population in normal times

Tantura

1650

Fardisya

20

Fureidis

870

Arab an-Nuseirat

Sabbarin

1880

Tira

3440

Sindiyana

1390

Qalansuwa

1660

Umm a-Shawf

480

Arab al-Rumeilat

Bureika

320

(Near HaMaapil)

Arab al-Ghawarina

690

Sayyidna 'Ali

Qannir

750

Jlil

1020

Kafr Kara

1510

Kafr Saba

1370

Arab Turkmen

Biyar 'Adas

300

Arab al-Bara

Sheikh Muwannis

2000

Qisarya

1240

Wadi 'Ara

260

Arab Abu Kishk

1900

Arctic

Arabic salami

800

Dumeira

620

Miska

650

Arabic al-Fuqara

340

Khirbat 'Azzun

994

Arabic a-Nufei'at

910

Myrrh

190

Macaw

890

Faja

1360

Kh. Zalafa

370

Arab al-Dzamala

Khirbat Manshiya

280

Yahudiya

6560

Arabic Hawaiian

1440

Kafr 'Ana

2000

Umm Khalid

1050

Sakiya

1240

Khirbat Beit Lid

500

Khairiyya

1600

Straw

7610

Jammasin

2050

 

The extent of the discharge

Date

Village

Full/Partial

Reason for evacuation

Evacuation route, notes

21.2

Khirbat 'Azzun

P

‘To the village of 'Azzun, Sheikh Muwannis, the first village to be evacuated in this area.

25.12

Summeil

Everyone

Jammasin

31.12

Arab al-Balawina

Everyone

Fear

7.1

Jammasin

Many

12.1

Qisarya

Start

31.1

Arab Abu Rizik

Everyone

3.2

Arab an-Nuseirat

Everyone

Our actions

To Taybeh, towards Qalansuwa. The village is empty.

3.2

Sayyidna 'Ali

Everyone

Fear of hostile action. Surrounded

Qalqiliyah and its surroundings. The village was occupied by our troops.

3.2

Kafr Mirr

Everyone

General fear

Kafr Kasem and the mountains. The village is empty.

8.2

Jarmala

P

Gang orders

Towards Kafr Qasem

9.2

Qisarya

P

The rate of evacuation [has increased significantly]

11.2

Arabic a-Shubak

Everyone

Retaliation by dissidents

Arabic Abunak [kišk]

11.2

Khirbat 'Azzun

Everyone

Fear and actions

‘To the village of 'Azzun

15.2

Arab Turkmen

Everyone

Fear of our hostile action

Mansi Wad, Almuha

15.2

Qisarya

Everyone

Occupied by our forces

Tantura, Haifa village empty

15.2

Kafr Mirr

–

Some returned

15.2

Arab al-Rumeilat

(Near HaMaapil)

F

General fear and whispering operation by us

To the mountain and Bureij

15.2

Arab al-Rumeilat (near Netanya)

P

General fear and whispering operation by us

To the mountain and Bureij. 150 May 4th.

15.2

Arab al-Rumeilat (near Kadima)

F

General fear and whispering operation by us

To the mountain and Bureij

15.2

Arabic Haweitat

F

General fear

To the mountains between Taybeh and Irtah.

17.2

Dakaba

Everyone

Appearance of foreigners on the scene.

17.2

Faja

P

After the Irgun operation.

25.2

Arabic Hejazi

Everyone

27.2

Wadi 'Ara

Everyone

After the attack on Ma'anit

‘'Ar'ara, Ya'bed. Our forces have occupied it.

6.3

Bureika

Everyone

15.3

Arab Mahadw

Everyone

They fear retaliation after an Arab mine was laid nearby

Towards Tulkarm. The village is empty.

15.3

Arabic Hawaiian

Everyone

After sabotaging Arab transport near the village

Qaqun, Baqa al-Gharbiyye. The village is empty.

17.3

Jammasin

Most

General fear

Towards Ghasam

20.3

Umm Khalid

Everyone

It is located within a Jewish community. It is afraid of it and of hostile actions.

Tulkarm. Our forces captured it.

20.3

Khirbat Beit Lid

Start

After we sabotaged Arab transportation

Towards Beit Lid. The village is empty.

23.3

Arab al-Koz

Everyone

Towards Lod

30.3

Arab Abu Kishk

Everyone

After his divisive performance in Sheikh Muwannis

Kharish

30.3

Sheikh Muwannis

Everyone

After the kidnapping by dissidents

Qalqilya, abroad. He fled with the Arabs.

Abu Kishk.

30.3

Arabic salami

Everyone

The influence of dissidents in Sheikh Muwannis

Kharish

30.3

Arabic a-Nufei'at

Everyone

To the north

1.4

Jaramalla

Everyone

General fear

Majdal Kafr Qasem. Some people come to work during the day.

3.4

Arabic Imrir

Everyone

After the robbery and murder committed by dissidents

To the area of Qalqilya and Jaljulia. The place is empty.

3.4

Arab al-Hawk

Everyone

After the robbery and murder committed by dissidents

Taybeh, Tira. Some returned to their Negev tribe.

3.4

Arab al-Fallaq

Everyone

Cattle raiding and transportation problems by the Irgun

Tira and Triangle. The village is empty.

3.4

Jlil

Everyone

The influence and actions of dissidents in Sheikh Muwannis

Kalkiliya and Tira. Our team captured them.

3.4 Khirbat 'Azzun End Evacuation ended at the request of the Haganah ‘To the village of 'Azzun. The village was occupied by our forces.
5.4 Qannir P The beginning of the evacuation. Fear of our actions Jenin area.
5.4 Khirbat Beit Lid Everyone Fear. Transportation Towards Beit Lid
10.4 Arabic al-Fuqara Everyone They were ordered to evacuate from the Haganah. Baqa al-Gharbiyye, Jit. The village is empty.
10.4 Arabic a-Nufei'at Everyone They were ordered to evacuate from the Haganah. Baqa al-Gharbiyye, Jit. The village is empty.
10.4 Bamariya Everyone They were ordered to evacuate from the Haganah. Baqa al-Gharbiyye, Jit. The village is empty.
12.4 Biyar 'Adas Everyone Our activities in the area Jaljuliya and its surroundings. Our forces occupied it.
15.4 Arctic Everyone I received orders from the Haganah to leave. Wadi al-Moya, Baqa al-Gharbiyye, Jit. The village is empty.
15.4 Khirbat Zalafa Everyone The effect of proximity „"Atil, Zeita. According to our prior agreement."”
15.4 Khirbat Manshiya Everyone The effect of proximity According to the preliminary agreement between us.
15.4 Miska Everyone By order of the Haganah Tira, Qalqiliyah. Our team captured it.
15.4 Abu Zureiq Everyone
17.4 Arab al-Bara Everyone Fear of our hostile actions To Sarkas, to Tantura. To Ein Ghoz, to Ijzim. The village is empty.
17.4 Kafr 'Ana P Ramla, Lod.
20.4 Sawalima Everyone Occupied by our forces Ramla, Lod and its surroundings.
25.4 Sakiya Everyone Occupied by our forces Ramla, Lod and its surroundings.
25.4 Khairiyya Everyone
25.4 Straw Everyone Occupied by our forces Ramla, Lod and its surroundings.
25.4 Kafr 'Ana Everyone Occupied by our forces Ramla, Lod and its surroundings.
25.4 Qannir End The effect of the area – incited fear Jenin area. The village was destroyed.
25.4 Beit Dajan Everyone After the occupation of Khairiyya Harassment of Jews. Yahudiyya. Lod, Ramla
26.4 Bureika Everyone Fear Towards Sindiyana
26.4 Arctic Everyone Fear of actions Towards Lod
28.4 Rantiya Everyone After our attack Laban, Shuqba, al-Manar, Yahudiyya,
1.5 Yazur Everyone

Harassment by Jews

Jaffa effect

Lod, Jammasin and Sheikh Muwannis
2.5 Sindiyana P. Fear of Arab revenge for lending to Jews
4.5 Yahudiya Everyone The Irgun occupied Ramla, Lod and its surroundings. Captured by the Irgun.
4.5 Tira (Qaqun) P. The impact of the attack on Qannir Men are still there.
5.5 Bureika Everyone "Inin, Rummanah. Some are present - they have surrendered.".
6.5 Tantura P. Evacuation of women and children
8.5 Kafr Kara Everyone Our attack on them. „"Ar'arah, Barta'ah, Ya'bad. The village is empty."”
8.5 ‘'Ana Everyone The impact of our attack on Kafr Qara „"Ar'arah, Ein Salha. The village is empty."”
10.5 Arab al-Dzamala End General fear. Come on, Kafr Qasem, come in to work during the day.
14.5 Sabbarin Everyone The Irgun occupied ‘'Ar'ara, Ya'bed. The Irgun occupied it.
14.5 Sindiyana Everyone The Irgun occupied ‘'Ar'ara, Ya'bed. The Irgun occupied it.
14.5 Umm a-Shawf Everyone The Irgun occupied Rummanah, Umm al-Fahm. Occupied by the Irgun.
14.5 Kalkiliya P. Women and children. It was a reception point, then turned into a flight point
15.5 Arab Jalad Everyone The impact of the Jewish state [declaration] Tulkarm, Danaba. The village is empty.
15.5 Kafr Saba Everyone Occupied by our forces Qalqilīja district. Our forces captured it.
15.5 Faja

Everyone

(end)

Our Pressure – Whisper Operation Into the mountains – the few remaining ones remained.
19,5 Kalkiliya Everyone After our harassment measures.
20,5 Bubble Everyone Harassing acts on our part.
21,5 Tantura Everyone Our forces occupied it. Everyone is being held captive in their own place. Our troops are in the village.

 

g. South and the Negev

Population in normal times

Bureir[*]

4000

al-Mansurah

100

Huleiqat

)

1500

Arabic Suqreir

430

Kawkaba

)

Yasur

1070

Najd

600

Sawafir Gharbiyya

1030

Amount

1200

Savafir Shamaliya

680

Jamma

150

Julius

1130

Muharraq

)

1100

Batani a-Sharqi

710

Kawfakha

)

Barqa

980

Huh

800

Beit Daras

3010

Beit Tima

1060

Arab as-Satariyya (Abu Khatab)

Sarafand al-Kharab

1130

Naani

2270

Wadi Hunain

1770

Abu Susa

950

Shafun

Saidun

230

Arab Satirical (Abu Suwayra)

Khulda

300

Arabian Ruby 1550 Dayr Muheisin 360 degrees

To Qube

1870

Beit Jiz

600

Zarnuga

2600

al-Kabab

2160

Jibna

5920

Shahma

310

Bir Salim 950 Bureir[*] 4000
Aqir 2710
Moghar 1900
Bashshit 1770
Qatar 1320

 

[*name of the settlement repeated in the original Hebrew]

The extent of the discharge

Date

Village

Full/

Partial

Reason for evacuation

Evacuation route

Comments

12,5

Bureir

F.

Our actions

Mostly for Majdal and others: Beit Lahiya, Nazla Hirbiya

12,5

Huleiqat

F.

Bureir evacuation effect

Nazla Hirbiya, Beit Lahiya, Majdal.

12,5

Kawkaba

F.

Bureir evacuation effect

Nazla Hirbiya, Beit Lahiya, Majdal.

12,5

Najd

F.

Our ultimatum

Nazla Hirbiya, Beit Lahiya, Majdal.

Over time, some returned.

12,5

Amount

F.

Our ultimatum

Nazla Hirbiya, Beit Lahiya, Majdal.

Over time, some returned.

22,5

Jamma

F.

Our actions.

They remained in their own territory, being half Bedouin.

25.2

Muharraq

F.

Our actions.

They remained in their own territory, being half Bedouin.

25,5

Kawfakha

F.

Our actions.

They remained in their own territory, being half Bedouin.

28,5

Huh

F.

Ultimatum

Towards Dimra

29,5

Beit Tima

F.

Our actions.

20.4.48

Sarafand al-Kharab

F.

Fear. Surrounded.

Ramla, Lod

Handing over the Rishon Le Tzion police to us.

17.4.48

Wadi Hunain

„

Bombing of Hassan Salameh's headquarters.

„”

9.5.48

Shafun

„

Occupation of Beer Yaakov camp

„”

9.5.48

Arab Abu al-Fadl

„

„”

Qubeiba, Yibna

9.5.48

Arab Satirical (Humeida)

„

Arrived

1.6.58 [sic]

Arabian Ruby

„

As a result of our action, they were expelled

Beach sand, south of Yibna

27.5.48

To Qube

„

Our action, expulsion

Jibna Sands, Ashdod

27.5.48

Zarnuga

„

Occupation and expulsion

Jibnah and Ashdod

4.6.48

Jibna

„

„”

To southern communities, all the way to Gaza

All the inhabitants of Jibnah, Zarnuga, and Kub. They went south as far as Gaza, when they occupied these places.

9.5.48

Bir Salim

„

Attack on an orphanage

Ramla – Lod

6.5.48

Aqir

F.

Our action, busy

Mughar, Bashshit, Yibna, Ramla

Some people stayed in the village (women, elderly people and children)

18.5.48

Moghar

F.

Profession.

Yibna, Ashdod, Gaza, Khan Yunis

13.5.48

Bashshit

„

„

Mughar, Yibna, Gaza and surrounding areas

17.5.48

Qatar

„

„

Masmiyya

It was a protectorate village until the Egyptians arrived near Ashdod.

20.4.48

al-Mansurah

„

„

The village was completely destroyed.

25.1.48

Arab Sucreir (Abu Suwayra)

„

„

South to the sand and Gaza

11.6.48

Yasur

„

18.5.48

Sawafir Gharbiyya

„

He fled as the front approached Hamama.

18.5.48

Savafir Shamaliya

„

„”

11.6.48

Julius

„

Profession

13.5.48

Batani a-Sharqi

F

Profession

Ashdod, Hamama

13.5.48

Barqa

„

   „

Hamama, Ashdod

11.5.48

Beit Daras

„

„

„

9.5.48

Arab Satire by Abu Khatab

„

He fled due to nearby military operations.

Yibna sand

14.5.48

Naani

„

Some to Ramla, some to Qazaza. The village was under protection after it surrendered. They abandoned it on June 10th.

20.5.48

Abu Susa

„

Profession

20.1.48

Saidun

„

Abandoned village

20.4.48

Khulda

„

Profession

20.4.48

Dayr Muheisin

„

„

20.4.48

Beit Jiz

„

„

Beit Susin

„

„

al-Kabab

„

„

14.5.48

Shahma

„

Measures in the area

Abandoned village

h. Jerusalem area

Population in normal times

Elevator

2730

Castle

100

Qalandia

200

Saris

600

Beit Safafa

1510

Bidu

560

al-'Eizariyah

1130

Nabi Samwil

210

Abu Dis

2070

a-Tur

2960

Beit Sahur

2590

Beit Hanina

1700

Bethlehem

9140

Judayra

200

Beit Jala

3740

Bayt Nabala

630

Jericho

3210

al-Jib

890

Essiac

780

Rafat

300

Dayr Yasin

650

Sufat

810

‘'I am Karim

3390

Dayr Muheisin

500

Qalunya

970

Beit Jiz

600

Beit Iksa

880

Beit Surik

510

Malliha

2070

Dayr Ayyub

350

Ramallah

5180

 

The extent of the discharge

Date

Village

Full/

Partial

Reason for evacuation

Evacuation route, notes

31.12

Elevator

P.

Towards Malliha

1.1

Arab Rome

Everyone

1.1

Upper Lift

Everyone

Towards Malliha

2.1

Jerusalem – Katamon

Many

To Egypt, Lebanon

4.1

Qalandia

Everyone

5.1

Jerusalem – Katamon

Many

To Egypt, Lebanon

8.1

Jerusalem – Sheikh Jarrah

Very much

9.1

Jerusalem – Schneller

Everyone

Beit Nabala, Ramallah

11.1

Jerusalem – Musrara

Very much

18.1

Beit Safafa

P.

18.1

Jerusalem – Sheikh Badr

27.1

‘'Eizariyah

Many

Mostly towards Hebron.

27.1 Abu Dis Many „ „”
27.1 Beit Sahur Many „ „”
27.1 Beit Safafa Many „ „”

1.2

Bethlehem

Small part

To Jericho and Transjordan

1.2 Beit Jala „ „ „ „ „

4.2

Jerusalem – near Talpiyot

Everyone

12.2

Jerusalem – Talbiye

Everyone

Our propaganda

16.2

Beit Safafa

Everyone

Foreigners on site

16.2

Jericho

Some

Towards Transjordan

27.2

Essiac

Everyone

Close to the Jews

In the immediate vicinity

  8.3

Jerusalem

The rich, women, children

 Mostly to Lebanon

    8.3 Qalandia Everyone
22.3 Essiac Returned after I fled nearby
30.3 Essiac Everyone They were ordered to evacuate the Arab Higher Committee.
1.4 Jerusalem – Musrara Everyone

9.4

Dayr Yasin

Everyone

Dissidents' actions

Most of them were killed.

10.4

‘'I am Karim

Everyone

Malliha, Beit Jala, Ramallah

10.4

Qalunya

Women and children

15.4

Beit Iksa

Everyone

18.4

Dayr Abu Tor

Everyone

Dayr Yasin effect

21.4

Malliha

he.

„"" and the appearance of foreigners

21.4

‘'I am Karim

P.

The appearance of women and children, as well as foreigners.

28.4

Ramallah

Small part

To Bethlehem

28.4

Jerusalem

Small part

To Bethlehem

3.5

Castle

Everyone

Our job is to open the way

3.5

Qalunya

Everyone

„”

3.5

Saris

Everyone

„”

3.5

Bidu

Everyone

„”

3.5

Beit Iksa

Everyone

„”

3.5

Nabi Samwil

Everyone

„”

3.5

Abu Dis

P.

Only women and children

3.5

Abu Tor

P.

„ „ „ „

3.5

‘'Eizariyah

P.

Many foreign appearances

6.5

Malliha

P.

To Bethlehem

6.5

Jerusalem – South

Everyone

To Christian institutions in the Old City and Bethlehem

9.5

Jerusalem – Old City

Many

Muslims go to villages

11.5

Jerusalem – Old City

Many

The Hebronites return to their city

11.5

Beit Iksa

Everyone

Our offer

13.5

Judayra

Everyone

Orders have come from the legion to evacuate, they are needed as a base

13.5

Bayt Hanina

Everyone

„ „ „ „ „ „ „

13.5

Bayt Nabala

Everyone

„ „ „ „ „ „ „

13.5

al-Jib

Everyone

„ „ „ „ „ „ „

13.5

Rafat

Everyone

„ „ „ „ „ „ „

13.5

Sufat

Everyone

„ „ „ „ „ „ „

15.5 Jerusalem – Christians To Bethlehem

21,5

Jerusalem – Old City

Many

29,5

Dayr Muheisin

Everyone

Our offer

29,5

Beit Jiz

Everyone

„”

?

Beit Surik

„

„”

??

Dayr Ayyub

„

„”

29,5

Jerusalem, outside the walls

Everyone

Occupied by us

30,5

Jerusalem – Old City

Many

With the fierce battles

 

Source: Akevot. „According to an intelligence report from 1948, hidden for decades, the actions of Jewish fighters were the main reason for the Arab exodus, not the calls of the Arab leadership.” Translated from Hebrew to English by Akevot from the original source of the note: Hashomer Hatzair (Yad Yaari) Archives, file 95-35.27(3).

 

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