{"id":4669,"date":"2026-08-29T12:23:21","date_gmt":"2026-08-29T10:23:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/antipropaganda.hu\/?p=4669"},"modified":"2026-08-29T12:23:21","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T10:23:21","slug":"izrael-allami-eroszak-rendszerszintu-elnyomas-es-a-nemzetkozi-jog-hatarai-az-izraeli-palesztin-konfliktus-jogi-es-politikai-minositesei","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/antipropaganda.hu\/en\/izrael-allami-eroszak-rendszerszintu-elnyomas-es-a-nemzetkozi-jog-hatarai-az-izraeli-palesztin-konfliktus-jogi-es-politikai-minositesei\/","title":{"rendered":"Izrael: \u00c1llami er\u0151szak, rendszerszint\u0171 elnyom\u00e1s \u00e9s a nemzetk\u00f6zi jog hat\u00e1rai-Az izraeli-palesztin konfliktus jogi \u00e9s politikai min\u0151s\u00edt\u00e9sei."},"content":{"rendered":"<p data-path-to-node=\"1\">Az izraeli-palesztin konfliktus k\u00f6r\u00fcli nemzetk\u00f6zi diskurzusban az elm\u00falt \u00e9vekben kulcsk\u00e9rd\u00e9ss\u00e9 v\u00e1lt, hogy a politikai \u00e9s jogi elemz\u0151k, f\u00fcggetlen emberi jogi szervezetek, valamint nemzetk\u00f6zi b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gok milyen kateg\u00f3ri\u00e1kkal \u00edrj\u00e1k le Izrael \u00c1llam m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9s\u00e9t \u00e9s katonai jelenl\u00e9t\u00e9t a megsz\u00e1llt ter\u00fcleteken.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"2\">A \u201eterror\u00e1llam\u201d politikai v\u00e1dj\u00e1t\u00f3l kezdve az \u201eapartheid\u201d int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyes\u00edtett jogi min\u0151s\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9n \u00e1t a h\u00e1bor\u00fas b\u0171n\u00f6kig \u00e9s a n\u00e9pirt\u00e1s kock\u00e1zat\u00e1ig terjed\u0151 fogalmi keretek nemcsak terminol\u00f3giai vit\u00e1k, hanem a nemzetk\u00f6zi jog\u00e1llamis\u00e1g alapvet\u0151 k\u00e9rd\u00e9seit \u00e9rintik.<\/p>\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"4\">1. Az Apartheid-v\u00e1d: Int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyes\u00edtett elnyom\u00e1s \u00e9s kett\u0151s jogrendszer<\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"5\">Az <b data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"3\">apartheid<\/b> a nemzetk\u00f6zi jogban (a Nemzetk\u00f6zi B\u00fcntet\u0151b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1g R\u00f3mai Stat\u00fatuma \u00e9s az 1973-as Apartheid Ellenes Egyezm\u00e9ny alapj\u00e1n) <b data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"129\">emberiess\u00e9g elleni b\u0171ncselekm\u00e9nynek<\/b> min\u0151s\u00fcl. Ez egy olyan int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyes\u00edtett elnyom\u00f3 \u00e9s dominancia-rendszer, amelyet egy faji vagy etnikai csoport val\u00f3s\u00edt meg egy m\u00e1sik felett a hatalom megtart\u00e1sa \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben.<\/p>\n<div class=\"code-block ng-tns-c4235597790-100 ng-animate-disabled ng-trigger ng-trigger-codeBlockRevealAnimation\" data-hveid=\"0\" data-ved=\"0CAAQhtANahgKEwjoysbepsWWAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQwQM\">\n<div class=\"formatted-code-block-internal-container ng-tns-c4235597790-100\">\n<div class=\"animated-opacity ng-tns-c4235597790-100\">\n<pre class=\"ng-tns-c4235597790-100\"><code class=\"code-container formatted ng-tns-c4235597790-100 no-decoration-radius\" role=\"text\" data-test-id=\"code-content\">                  [Izrael \u00c1llam Ter\u00fcleti \u00c9s Jogi M\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9se]\r\n                                     \u2502\r\n         \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\r\n         \u25bc                                                       \u25bc\r\n[Izraeli Polg\u00e1ri Jog]                                 [Katonai Jogrend (IDF)]\r\n - Izraeli \u00e1llampolg\u00e1rok                               - Ciszjord\u00e1niai palesztinok\r\n - Ciszjord\u00e1niai telepesek                             - Korl\u00e1tozott mozg\u00e1sszabads\u00e1g\r\n - Teljes polg\u00e1ri v\u00e9d\u0151erny\u0151                            - Adminisztrat\u00edv \u0151rizet (1651. ord.)\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"7\">A v\u00e1dat al\u00e1t\u00e1maszt\u00f3 jogi \u00e9s t\u00e9nybeli elemek:<\/h3>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"8\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"8,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"8,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Kett\u0151s jogrendszer egyazon ter\u00fcleten:<\/b> Ciszjord\u00e1ni\u00e1ban a palesztin lakoss\u00e1gra az izraeli hadsereg katonai rendeletei \u00e9s katonai b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gai vonatkoznak, m\u00edg a k\u00f6zvetlen t\u0151szomsz\u00e9ds\u00e1gukban \u00e9l\u0151 izraeli telepesekre az izraeli polg\u00e1ri jog.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"4\">1. Mi az az adminisztrat\u00edv \u0151rizet, \u00e9s hogyan m\u0171k\u00f6dik?<\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"5\">Az adminisztrat\u00edv \u0151rizet olyan szabads\u00e1gmegvon\u00e1si elj\u00e1r\u00e1s, amelynek sor\u00e1n a hat\u00f3s\u00e1gok <b data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"86\">hivatalos v\u00e1demel\u00e9s \u00e9s rendes b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gi t\u00e1rgyal\u00e1s n\u00e9lk\u00fcl<\/b> tartanak b\u00f6rt\u00f6nben egy\u00e9nt, megel\u0151z\u0151 jelleg\u0171 biztons\u00e1gi kock\u00e1zatra hivatkozva.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"6\">Ciszjord\u00e1nia palesztin lakoss\u00e1g\u00e1ra ez az elj\u00e1r\u00e1s az izraeli hadsereg <b data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"69\">1651. sz\u00e1m\u00fa katonai rendelete<\/b> alapj\u00e1n vonatkozik.<\/p>\n<div class=\"code-block ng-tns-c4235597790-95 ng-animate-disabled ng-trigger ng-trigger-codeBlockRevealAnimation\" data-hveid=\"0\" data-ved=\"0CAAQhtANahgKEwjoysbepsWWAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQsAM\">\n<div class=\"formatted-code-block-internal-container ng-tns-c4235597790-95\">\n<div class=\"animated-opacity ng-tns-c4235597790-95\">\n<pre class=\"ng-tns-c4235597790-95\"><code class=\"code-container formatted ng-tns-c4235597790-95 no-decoration-radius\" role=\"text\" data-test-id=\"code-content\">[Katonai Parancsnoki V\u00e9gz\u00e9s (max. 6 h\u00f3nap)]\r\n                  \u2502\r\n                  \u25bc\r\n[Titkos H\u00edrszerz\u00e9si Akta (Shin Bet)] \u2500\u2500\u25ba [Katonai B\u00edr\u00f3i Fel\u00fclvizsg\u00e1lat (Z\u00e1rt \u00dcl\u00e9s)]\r\n                  \u2502                                     \u2502\r\n                  \u25bc                                     \u25bc\r\n      [V\u00e9delem: Nincs Hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9s]             [Elfogad\u00e1s \/ Meghosszabb\u00edt\u00e1s]\r\n                                                        \u2502\r\n                                                        \u2514\u2500\u25ba (Ak\u00e1r \u00e9vekig ism\u00e9telhet\u0151)\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"8\">Az elj\u00e1r\u00e1s f\u0151bb elemei:<\/h3>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"9\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"9,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"9,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">A katonai parancsnok hat\u00e1sk\u00f6re:<\/b> Az \u0151rizetbe v\u00e9telt a ter\u00fclet\u00e9rt felel\u0151s izraeli katonai parancsnok rendeli el, maximum 6 h\u00f3napos id\u0151tartamra.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"9,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"9,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Korl\u00e1tlan meghosszabb\u00edthat\u00f3s\u00e1g:<\/b> A 6 h\u00f3napos hat\u00e1rid\u0151 lej\u00e1rta el\u0151tt a v\u00e9gz\u00e9s korl\u00e1tlan sz\u00e1mban meg\u00faj\u00edthat\u00f3, \u00edgy a fogvatart\u00e1s fizikai ideje ak\u00e1r \u00e9vekig is eltarthat an\u00e9lk\u00fcl, hogy a fogvatartott pontosan tudn\u00e1, mivel v\u00e1dolj\u00e1k.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"9,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"9,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Titkos bizony\u00edt\u00e9kok (<i data-path-to-node=\"9,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"21\">Secret Evidence<\/i>):<\/b> Az \u0151rizet alapj\u00e1t a Belbiztons\u00e1gi Szolg\u00e1lat (Shin Bet) titkos h\u00edrszerz\u00e9si inform\u00e1ci\u00f3i k\u00e9pezik. E bizony\u00edt\u00e9kokat sem a fogvatartott, sem a v\u00e9d\u0151\u00fcgyv\u00e9dje nem ismerheti meg nemzetbiztons\u00e1gi okokra \u00e9s a forr\u00e1sok v\u00e9delm\u00e9re hivatkozva.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"9,3,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"9,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Z\u00e1rt katonai fel\u00fclvizsg\u00e1lat:<\/b> A letart\u00f3ztat\u00e1st k\u00f6vet\u0151en egy katonai b\u00edr\u00f3 z\u00e1rt \u00fcl\u00e9sen \u00e1ttekinti a titkos akt\u00e1t. A b\u00edr\u00f3 d\u00f6nthet a v\u00e9gz\u00e9s j\u00f3v\u00e1hagy\u00e1s\u00e1r\u00f3l, ler\u00f6vid\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l vagy elt\u00f6rl\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l, \u00e1m a v\u00e9delem a bizony\u00edt\u00e9kok hi\u00e1ny\u00e1ban \u00e9rdemben nem tudja c\u00e1folni az \u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1sokat.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"11\">2. Nemzetk\u00f6zi jogi keretek \u00e9s egyezm\u00e9nyek<\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"12\">Az adminisztrat\u00edv \u0151rizet alkalmazhat\u00f3s\u00e1g\u00e1t a nemzetk\u00f6zi jogban k\u00e9t p\u00e1rhuzamos jog\u00e1g hat\u00e1rozza meg: a <b data-path-to-node=\"12\" data-index-in-node=\"101\">nemzetk\u00f6zi humanit\u00e1rius jog (IHL)<\/b> \u00e9s a <b data-path-to-node=\"12\" data-index-in-node=\"140\">nemzetk\u00f6zi emberi jogi jog (IHRL)<\/b>.<\/p>\n<table data-path-to-node=\"15\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Jogforr\u00e1s \/ Egyezm\u00e9ny<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Relev\u00e1ns cikkek<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>El\u0151\u00edr\u00e1sok \u00e9s Korl\u00e1toz\u00e1sok<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"15,1,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"15,1,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">IV. Genfi Egyezm\u00e9ny (1949)<\/b> <i data-path-to-node=\"15,1,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"27\">(Humanit\u00e1rius Jog)<\/i><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"15,1,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"15,1,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">78. cikk<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"15,1,2,0\">Megsz\u00e1llt ter\u00fcleten kiz\u00e1r\u00f3lag <i data-path-to-node=\"15,1,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"30\">\u201ehalaszthatatlan biztons\u00e1gi okokb\u00f3l\u201d<\/i> (<i data-path-to-node=\"15,1,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"68\">imperative reasons of security<\/i>) engedi meg az intern\u00e1l\u00e1st. El\u0151\u00edrja a fellebbez\u00e9si jogot \u00e9s a legal\u00e1bb 6 havonta t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 id\u0151szakos fel\u00fclvizsg\u00e1latot.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"15,2,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"15,2,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">IV. Genfi Egyezm\u00e9ny (1949)<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"15,2,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"15,2,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">79\u2013135. cikkek<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"15,2,2,0\">Szab\u00e1lyozza az intern\u00e1ltak fogvatart\u00e1si k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyeit (ell\u00e1t\u00e1s, eg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00fcgy, kapcsolattart\u00e1s, embertelen b\u00e1n\u00e1sm\u00f3d tilalma).<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"15,3,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"15,3,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Polg\u00e1ri \u00e9s Politikai Jogok Nemzetk\u00f6zi Egyezs\u00e9gokm\u00e1nya (ICCPR, 1966)<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"15,3,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"15,3,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">9. cikk (1)-(4)<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"15,3,2,0\">Tiltja az \u00f6nk\u00e9nyes fogvatart\u00e1st. El\u0151\u00edrja a letart\u00f3ztat\u00e1s okainak azonnali k\u00f6zl\u00e9s\u00e9t \u00e9s a <i data-path-to-node=\"15,3,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"88\">habeas corpus<\/i> jog\u00e1t (b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gi d\u00f6nt\u00e9s a fogvatart\u00e1s t\u00f6rv\u00e9nyess\u00e9g\u00e9r\u0151l).<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"15,4,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"15,4,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Egyezm\u00e9ny a K\u00ednz\u00e1s Elleni (CAT, 1984)<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"15,4,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"15,4,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">2. \u00e9s 16. cikk<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"15,4,2,0\">Tiltja a k\u00ednz\u00e1st \u00e9s a kegyetlen, embertelen vagy megal\u00e1z\u00f3 b\u00e1n\u00e1sm\u00f3dot. (Az hat\u00e1rozatlan idej\u0171 titkos fogvatart\u00e1s pszich\u00e9s nyom\u00e1sa el\u00e9ri ezt a k\u00fcsz\u00f6b\u00f6t a jogv\u00e9d\u0151k szerint).<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"15,5,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"15,5,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">ENSZ Gyermekjogi Egyezm\u00e9nye (CRC, 1989)<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"15,5,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"15,5,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">37. cikk<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"15,5,2,0\">Kiskor\u00faak szabads\u00e1gmegvon\u00e1sa kiz\u00e1r\u00f3lag <b data-path-to-node=\"15,5,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"39\">legv\u00e9gs\u0151 eszk\u00f6zk\u00e9nt<\/b> \u00e9s a <b data-path-to-node=\"15,5,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"64\">lehet\u0151 legr\u00f6videbb ideig<\/b> alkalmazhat\u00f3.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"17\">3. Emberi jogi agg\u00e1lyok \u00e9s int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyi kritik\u00e1k<\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"18\">A f\u00fcggetlen nemzetk\u00f6zi \u00e9s izraeli emberi jogi szervezetek (Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, B&#8217;Tselem, HaMoked), valamint az ENSZ szak\u00e9rt\u0151i \u00e9s a Nemzetk\u00f6zi B\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1g (ICJ) az al\u00e1bbi f\u0151bb probl\u00e9mapontokat azonos\u00edtj\u00e1k:<\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"19\">A tisztess\u00e9ges elj\u00e1r\u00e1s hi\u00e1nya<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"20\">Az \u00e1rtatlans\u00e1g v\u00e9lelme \u00e9s a hat\u00e9kony v\u00e9delemhez val\u00f3 jog alapjaiban s\u00e9r\u00fcl, ha sem a gyan\u00fas\u00edtott, sem az \u00fcgyv\u00e9dje nem f\u00e9r hozz\u00e1 a v\u00e1dat al\u00e1t\u00e1maszt\u00f3 akt\u00e1khoz. Ez a gyakorlat ellehetetlen\u00edti a c\u00e1folatot.<\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"21\">T\u00f6meges \u00e9s szisztematikus alkalmaz\u00e1s<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"22\">M\u00edg a IV. Genfi Egyezm\u00e9ny 78. cikke az intern\u00e1l\u00e1st kiv\u00e9teles, rendk\u00edv\u00fcli int\u00e9zked\u00e9sk\u00e9nt \u00edrja le, a kritikusok szerint az izraeli hat\u00f3s\u00e1gok nem egyedi v\u00e9gs\u0151 eszk\u00f6zk\u00e9nt, hanem a palesztin lakoss\u00e1g ellen\u0151rz\u00e9s\u00e9re szolg\u00e1l\u00f3 szisztematikus, t\u00f6meges \u00e9s elrettent\u0151 politikai eszk\u00f6zk\u00e9nt m\u0171k\u00f6dtetik a rendszert.<\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"23\">Kiskor\u00faak \u00e9s s\u00e9r\u00fcl\u00e9keny csoportok \u00e9rintetts\u00e9ge<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"24\">A katonai jogszab\u00e1lyok \u00e9rtelm\u00e9ben az adminisztrat\u00edv \u0151rizet 12 \u00e9v feletti kiskor\u00faakkal szemben is elrendelhet\u0151. A Gyermekjogi Egyezm\u00e9ny ellen\u00e9re t\u00f6bb palesztin fiatal t\u00f6lt\u00f6tt h\u00f3napokat katonai b\u00f6rt\u00f6n\u00f6kben v\u00e1demel\u00e9s n\u00e9lk\u00fcl.<\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"25\">Pszichol\u00f3giai nyom\u00e1s<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"26\">Mivel a 6 h\u00f3napos peri\u00f3dus lej\u00e1rta el\u0151tt ak\u00e1r \u00f3r\u00e1kkal is kiadhat\u00f3 az \u00fajabb meghosszabb\u00edt\u00e1si parancs, a fogvatartottak \u00e9s csal\u00e1djaik tart\u00f3s bizonytalans\u00e1gban \u00e9lnek, ami a szak\u00e9rt\u0151k szerint s\u00falyos pszichol\u00f3giai teher.<\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"8\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Ter\u00fcleti sz\u00e9ttagol\u00e1s \u00e9s ellen\u0151rz\u00e9s:<\/b> Az ellen\u0151rz\u0151 pontok (checkpoints), a szepar\u00e1ci\u00f3s fal, az \u00fath\u00e1l\u00f3zat elk\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00edt\u00e9se \u00e9s a f\u00f6ldkisaj\u00e1t\u00edt\u00e1sok szisztematikusan korl\u00e1tozz\u00e1k a palesztin lakoss\u00e1g mozg\u00e1s\u00e1t \u00e9s gazdas\u00e1gi fejl\u0151d\u00e9s\u00e9t.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"8,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"8,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Jogszab\u00e1lyi keretek:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"8,2,1\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"8,2,1,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"8,2,1,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Nemzet\u00e1llam-t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny (2018):<\/b> Alapt\u00f6rv\u00e9nyi rangra emelte, hogy a nemzeti \u00f6nrendelkez\u00e9s joga Izraelben kiz\u00e1r\u00f3lag a zsid\u00f3 n\u00e9pet illeti meg, a zsid\u00f3 telepek \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9t pedig nemzeti \u00e9rt\u00e9kk\u00e9 nyilv\u00e1n\u00edtotta.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p id=\"p-rc_565fd255736dea83-68\" data-path-to-node=\"5\"><b data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"0\"> Katonai rendeletek Ciszjord\u00e1ni\u00e1ban (<i data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"39\">Israeli Military Orders<\/i>)<\/b><\/p>\n<p id=\"p-rc_565fd255736dea83-68\" data-path-to-node=\"5\"><span class=\"citation-143 citation-end-143\">Ciszjord\u00e1nia palesztin lakoss\u00e1g\u00e1ra nem az izraeli polg\u00e1ri jog, hanem az izraeli hadsereg katonai rendeletei vonatkoznak:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"6\">\n<li>\n<p id=\"p-rc_565fd255736dea83-69\" data-path-to-node=\"6,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"6,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\"><span class=\"citation-142 citation-end-142\">101. sz\u00e1m\u00fa katonai rendelet (1967):<\/span><\/b> <span class=\"citation-141 citation-end-141\">Megtiltja a 10 f\u0151n\u00e9l nagyobb palesztin \u00f6sszej\u00f6veteleket vagy t\u00fcntet\u00e9seket katonai enged\u00e9ly n\u00e9lk\u00fcl.<\/span> <span class=\"citation-140 citation-end-140\">B\u0171ncselekm\u00e9nynek min\u0151s\u00edti a politikai szimb\u00f3lumok (pl. z\u00e1szl\u00f3) haszn\u00e1lat\u00e1t vagy politikai tartalm\u00fa kiadv\u00e1nyok terjeszt\u00e9s\u00e9t.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p id=\"p-rc_565fd255736dea83-70\" data-path-to-node=\"6,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"6,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\"><span class=\"citation-139 citation-end-139\">1651. sz\u00e1m\u00fa katonai rendelet (2009):<\/span><\/b> \u00d6sszefoglalja a katonai b\u00fcntet\u0151jogot. <span class=\"citation-138 citation-end-138\">Lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi az \u00fan.<\/span> <b data-path-to-node=\"6,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"97\">adminisztrat\u00edv \u0151rizetet<\/b> (<i data-path-to-node=\"6,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"122\">Administrative Detention<\/i>), amellyel palesztinokat v\u00e1demel\u00e9s \u00e9s t\u00e1rgyal\u00e1s n\u00e9lk\u00fcl, 6 h\u00f3napos meg\u00faj\u00edthat\u00f3 id\u0151tartamokra fogva tarthatnak bizalmas katonai inform\u00e1ci\u00f3kra hivatkozva. <span class=\"citation-137 citation-end-137\">A rendelet alapj\u00e1n ak\u00e1r 12-14 \u00e9ves kiskor\u00faak is el\u00edt\u00e9lhet\u0151k katonai b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gok el\u0151tt.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"8,2,1\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"8,2,1,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"8,2,1,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">A t\u00e1vollev\u0151k tulajdon\u00e1r\u00f3l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny (1950):<\/b> Lehet\u0151v\u00e9 tette a menek\u00fcltt\u00e9 v\u00e1lt palesztinok ingatlanjainak \u00e9s f\u00f6ldjeinek \u00e1llamos\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"8,3,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"8,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Nemzetk\u00f6zi konzkenszus a jogv\u00e9delemben:<\/b> Az <b data-path-to-node=\"8,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"43\">Amnesty International (2022)<\/b>, a <b data-path-to-node=\"8,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"75\">Human Rights Watch (2021)<\/b> \u00e9s az izraeli <b data-path-to-node=\"8,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"115\">B&#8217;Tselem (2021)<\/b> egybehangz\u00f3an meg\u00e1llap\u00edtotta az apartheid b\u0171ncselekm\u00e9ny\u00e9nek fenn\u00e1ll\u00e1s\u00e1t. A <b data-path-to-node=\"8,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"206\">Nemzetk\u00f6zi B\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1g (ICJ)<\/b> 2024. j\u00faliusi tan\u00e1csad\u00f3i v\u00e9lem\u00e9ny\u00e9ben r\u00f6gz\u00edtette: Izrael Ciszjord\u00e1ni\u00e1ban \u00e9s Kelet-Jeruzs\u00e1lemben megs\u00e9rti a faji szegreg\u00e1ci\u00f3 \u00e9s az apartheid tilalm\u00e1t (CERD 3. cikk).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"2\"><b data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Az Apartheid-v\u00e1d bizony\u00edt\u00e9kai \u00e9s jelent\u00e9sei<\/b><\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"3\">A nemzetk\u00f6zi jog (a R\u00f3mai Stat\u00fatum) szerint az apartheid olyan int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyes\u00edtett elnyom\u00f3 \u00e9s dominancia-rendszer, amelyet egy etnikai\/faji csoport val\u00f3s\u00edt meg egy m\u00e1sik felett.<\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"4\">\n<li>\n<p id=\"p-rc_ae8a007ac3d1b682-45\" data-path-to-node=\"4,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"4,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\"><span class=\"citation-63 citation-end-63\">Amnesty International (2022):<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p id=\"p-rc_ae8a007ac3d1b682-45\" data-path-to-node=\"4,0,0\"><span class=\"citation-62 citation-end-62\">A szervezet 280 oldalas elemz\u00e9s\u00e9ben r\u00e9szletesen dokument\u00e1lja a ter\u00fcleti sz\u00e9ttagol\u00e1st, az elk\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00edt\u00e9st, a f\u00f6ldkisaj\u00e1t\u00edt\u00e1sokat \u00e9s a gazdas\u00e1gi\/szoci\u00e1lis jogok megtagad\u00e1s\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"4,0,1\">\n<li>\n<p id=\"p-rc_ae8a007ac3d1b682-46\" data-path-to-node=\"4,0,1,0,0\"><a class=\"ng-star-inserted\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/documents\/mde15\/5141\/2022\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hveid=\"0\" data-ved=\"0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjoysbepsWWAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQrQI\"><span class=\"citation-61\">Amnesty International Apartheid Report (2022)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p id=\"p-rc_ae8a007ac3d1b682-47\" data-path-to-node=\"4,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"4,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\"><span class=\"citation-60 citation-end-60\">Human Rights Watch (2021):<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p id=\"p-rc_ae8a007ac3d1b682-47\" data-path-to-node=\"4,1,0\"><span class=\"citation-59\">A <\/span><i data-path-to-node=\"4,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"29\"><span class=\"citation-59\">\u201eA Threshold Crossed\u201d<\/span><\/i><span class=\"citation-59 citation-end-59\"> (\u00c1tl\u00e9pett k\u00fcsz\u00f6b) c\u00edm\u0171 jelent\u00e9s r\u00f6gz\u00edti, hogy az izraeli hat\u00f3s\u00e1gok elk\u00f6vetik az apartheid \u00e9s a \u00fcld\u00f6ztet\u00e9s emberiess\u00e9g elleni b\u0171ncselekm\u00e9nyeit mind a megsz\u00e1llt ter\u00fcleteken, mind bizonyos m\u00e9rt\u00e9kig Izrael hat\u00e1rain bel\u00fcl.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"4,1,1\">\n<li>\n<p id=\"p-rc_ae8a007ac3d1b682-48\" data-path-to-node=\"4,1,1,0,0\"><a class=\"ng-star-inserted\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2021\/04\/27\/abusive-israeli-policies-constitute-crimes-apartheid-persecution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hveid=\"0\" data-ved=\"0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjoysbepsWWAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQrgI\"><span class=\"citation-58\">Human Rights Watch Apartheid Report (2021)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p id=\"p-rc_ae8a007ac3d1b682-49\" data-path-to-node=\"4,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"4,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\"><span class=\"citation-57 citation-end-57\">B&#8217;Tselem (Izraeli Emberi Jogi K\u00f6zpont, 2021):<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p id=\"p-rc_ae8a007ac3d1b682-49\" data-path-to-node=\"4,2,0\"><span class=\"citation-56\">Az izraeli szervezet <\/span><i data-path-to-node=\"4,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"67\"><span class=\"citation-56\">\u201eA regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid\u201d<\/span><\/i><span class=\"citation-56 citation-end-56\"> c\u00edmmel adott ki \u00e1ll\u00e1sfoglal\u00e1st, kimondva, hogy a teljes ter\u00fcleten egyetlen zsid\u00f3 szuprem\u00e1ci\u00e1t fenntart\u00f3 rendszer m\u0171k\u00f6dik.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"4,2,1\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"4,2,1,0,0\"><a class=\"ng-star-inserted\" href=\"https:\/\/www.btselem.org\/publications\/fulltext\/202101_this_is_apartheid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hveid=\"0\" data-ved=\"0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjoysbepsWWAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQrwI\">B&#8217;Tselem Apartheid Position Paper<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"p-rc_ae8a007ac3d1b682-50\" data-path-to-node=\"6\"><b data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"0\"><span class=\"citation-55 citation-end-55\">2. Nemzetk\u00f6zi b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gi d\u00f6nt\u00e9sek \u00e9s hat\u00e1rozatok<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"7\">A jogi f\u00f3rumok a \u201eterrorista \u00e1llam\u201d megfogalmaz\u00e1s helyett konkr\u00e9t <b data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"66\">h\u00e1bor\u00fas \u00e9s emberiess\u00e9g elleni b\u0171ncselekm\u00e9nyek<\/b>, illetve az <b data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"124\">illeg\u00e1lis megsz\u00e1ll\u00e1s<\/b> kateg\u00f3ri\u00e1it haszn\u00e1lj\u00e1k.<\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"8\">\n<li>\n<p id=\"p-rc_ae8a007ac3d1b682-51\" data-path-to-node=\"8,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"8,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\"><span class=\"citation-54 citation-end-54\">Nemzetk\u00f6zi B\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1g (ICJ) \u2013 Tan\u00e1csad\u00f3i v\u00e9lem\u00e9ny (2024. j\u00falius):<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p id=\"p-rc_ae8a007ac3d1b682-51\" data-path-to-node=\"8,0,0\"><span class=\"citation-53 citation-end-53\">A h\u00e1gai Nemzetk\u00f6zi B\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1g kimondta, hogy Izrael jelenl\u00e9te a megsz\u00e1llt palesztin ter\u00fcleteken illeg\u00e1lis, a palesztin lakoss\u00e1ggal szembeni szegreg\u00e1ci\u00f3s \u00e9s faji megk\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6ztet\u0151 politik\u00e1ja pedig megs\u00e9rti a faji megk\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6ztet\u00e9s minden form\u00e1j\u00e1nak kik\u00fcsz\u00f6b\u00f6l\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 nemzetk\u00f6zi egyezm\u00e9ny (CERD) 3. cikk\u00e9t (amely kifejezetten tiltja a faji szegreg\u00e1ci\u00f3t \u00e9s az apartheidet).<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"8,0,1\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"8,0,1,0,0\"><a class=\"ng-star-inserted\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/case\/186\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hveid=\"0\" data-ved=\"0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjoysbepsWWAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQsAI\">ICJ Advisory Opinion Official Statement (2024)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Nemzetk\u00f6zi B\u00fcntet\u0151b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1g (ICC) \u2013 Elfogat\u00f3parancsok (2024. november):<\/b><\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\">A Nemzetk\u00f6zi B\u00fcntet\u0151b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1g Pre-Trial Chamber I. elfogat\u00f3parancsot adott ki Benjamin Netanyahu minisztereln\u00f6k \u00e9s Yoav Gallant volt v\u00e9delmi miniszter ellen h\u00e1bor\u00fas b\u0171ncselekm\u00e9nyek (pl. az \u00e9heztet\u00e9s mint hadvisel\u00e9si m\u00f3dszer) \u00e9s emberiess\u00e9g elleni b\u0171ncselekm\u00e9nyek miatt.<\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"8,1,1\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"8,1,1,0,0\"><a class=\"ng-star-inserted\" href=\"https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2024\/11\/1157286\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hveid=\"0\" data-ved=\"0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjoysbepsWWAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQsQI\">ICC Statement on Arrest Warrants (UN News)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"10\">2. A \u201eTerror\u00e1llam\u201d kateg\u00f3ri\u00e1ja \u00e9s az \u00e1llami er\u0151szak hat\u00e1rai<\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"11\">A <b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"2\">\u201eterror\u00e1llam\u201d<\/b> vagy <b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"21\">\u201e\u00e1llami terrorizmus\u201d<\/b> nem egy pontosan kodifik\u00e1lt b\u00fcntet\u0151jogi fogalom a nemzetk\u00f6zi jogban, hanem els\u0151sorban politikai, szociol\u00f3giai \u00e9s kritikai min\u0151s\u00edt\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"14\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"14,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"14,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">A kritika alapja:<\/b> A fogalmat haszn\u00e1l\u00f3 elemz\u0151k \u00e9s nemzetk\u00f6zi szak\u00e9rt\u0151k a civil lakoss\u00e1g elleni v\u00e1logat\u00e1s n\u00e9lk\u00fcli \u00e9s ar\u00e1nytalan katonai fell\u00e9p\u00e9st, a kollekt\u00edv b\u00fcntet\u00e9st (G\u00e1za teljes blok\u00e1dja, az infrastrukt\u00fara megsemmis\u00edt\u00e9se, az iv\u00f3v\u00edz \u00e9s az \u00e9lelem elv\u00e1g\u00e1sa), valamint a c\u00e9lzott likvid\u00e1l\u00e1sokat nevezik \u00e1llami terrorizmusnak.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"14,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"14,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">A jogi \u00e1tkeretez\u00e9s:<\/b> A nemzetk\u00f6zi b\u00fcntet\u0151jog az \u00e1llamok \u00e1ltal elk\u00f6vetett s\u00falyos er\u0151szakot nem \u201eterrorizmusk\u00e9nt\u201d, hanem <b data-path-to-node=\"14,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"118\">h\u00e1bor\u00fas b\u0171ncselekm\u00e9nyk\u00e9nt<\/b> vagy <b data-path-to-node=\"14,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"149\">emberiess\u00e9g elleni b\u0171ncselekm\u00e9nyk\u00e9nt<\/b> szankcion\u00e1lja.<\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"14,1,1\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"14,1,1,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"14,1,1,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Nemzetk\u00f6zi B\u00fcntet\u0151b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1g (ICC):<\/b> 2024-ben elfogat\u00f3parancsot adott ki Benjamin Netanyahu minisztereln\u00f6k \u00e9s Yoav Gallant ellen, t\u00f6bbek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt az <b data-path-to-node=\"14,1,1,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"143\">\u00e9heztet\u00e9s mint hadvisel\u00e9si m\u00f3dszer<\/b> (h\u00e1bor\u00fas b\u0171n) \u00e9s a civil lakoss\u00e1g elleni sz\u00e1nd\u00e9kos t\u00e1mad\u00e1sok miatt.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"16\">3. Adminisztrat\u00edv \u0151rizet: A t\u00f6rv\u00e9nyes\u00edtett \u00f6nk\u00e9ny<\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"17\">Az \u00e1llami elnyom\u00f3 appar\u00e1tus egyik legf\u0151bb jogi eszk\u00f6ze az <b data-path-to-node=\"17\" data-index-in-node=\"58\">adminisztrat\u00edv \u0151rizet<\/b> (1651. sz\u00e1m\u00fa katonai rendelet).<\/p>\n<table data-path-to-node=\"18\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Jellemz\u0151<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Gyakorlat \u00e9s Hum\u00e1n-Infrastrukt\u00fara<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Nemzetk\u00f6zi Jog (IV. Genfi Egyezm\u00e9ny, ICCPR)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"18,1,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"18,1,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">V\u00e1demel\u00e9s \u00e9s t\u00e1rgyal\u00e1s<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"18,1,1,0\">Nincs. A fogvatartott nem tudja, pontosan mivel v\u00e1dolj\u00e1k.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"18,1,2,0\">S\u00e9rti a tisztess\u00e9ges elj\u00e1r\u00e1shoz \u00e9s a <i data-path-to-node=\"18,1,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"37\">habeas corpus<\/i>-hoz val\u00f3 jogot (ICCPR 9. cikk).<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"18,2,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"18,2,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Bizony\u00edt\u00e9kok<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"18,2,1,0\">Titkosak (<i data-path-to-node=\"18,2,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"10\">Secret Evidence<\/i>), a v\u00e9delem \u00e9s a gyan\u00fas\u00edtott nem tekintheti meg \u0151ket.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"18,2,2,0\">Megfosztja a fogvatartottat a hat\u00e9kony v\u00e9delem lehet\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9t\u0151l.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"18,3,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"18,3,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Id\u0151tartam<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"18,3,1,0\">6 h\u00f3napos terminusok, amelyek <b data-path-to-node=\"18,3,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"30\">korl\u00e1tlan sz\u00e1mban meghosszabb\u00edthat\u00f3k<\/b>.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"18,3,2,0\">A IV. Genfi Egyezm\u00e9ny 78. cikke csak <i data-path-to-node=\"18,3,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"37\">kiv\u00e9teles, halaszthatatlan<\/i> biztons\u00e1gi okb\u00f3l engedi meg.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"18,4,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"18,4,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">\u00c9rintettek<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"18,4,1,0\">Palesztin civil lakoss\u00e1g, politikai aktivist\u00e1k, valamint <b data-path-to-node=\"18,4,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"57\">kiskor\u00faak (12 \u00e9v felett)<\/b>.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"18,4,2,0\">S\u00e9rti a Gyermekjogi Egyezm\u00e9ny (CRC 37. cikk) el\u0151\u00edr\u00e1sait.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"20\">4. N\u00e9pirt\u00e1s (Genoc\u00eddium) \u00e9s a nemzetk\u00f6zi igazs\u00e1gszolg\u00e1ltat\u00e1s<\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"21\">A 2023 ut\u00e1ni g\u00e1zai katonai m\u0171veletek kapcs\u00e1n a nemzetk\u00f6zi jogi f\u00f3kusz a n\u00e9pirt\u00e1s megel\u0151z\u00e9s\u00e9re \u00e9s szankcion\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1ra terel\u0151d\u00f6tt.<\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"22\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"22,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"22,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">D\u00e9l-Afrika vs. Izrael a Nemzetk\u00f6zi B\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gon (ICJ):<\/b> D\u00e9l-Afrika keresetet ny\u00fajtott be az 1948-as N\u00e9pirt\u00e1si Egyezm\u00e9ny megs\u00e9rt\u00e9se miatt. Az ICJ ideiglenes int\u00e9zked\u00e9seket hozott, kimondva, hogy a palesztin lakoss\u00e1got fenyeget\u0151 n\u00e9pirt\u00e1s kock\u00e1zata <b data-path-to-node=\"22,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"242\">val\u00f3s \u00e9s fenn\u00e1ll\u00f3<\/b>, ez\u00e9rt k\u00f6telezte Izraelt a civil lakoss\u00e1g v\u00e9delm\u00e9re \u00e9s a humanit\u00e1rius seg\u00e9lyek beenged\u00e9s\u00e9re.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"22,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"22,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">A sz\u00e1nd\u00e9k \u00e9s a tettek:<\/b> A jogi elj\u00e1r\u00e1s k\u00f6zponti eleme a <i data-path-to-node=\"22,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"55\">dolus specialis<\/i> (a kifejezett sz\u00e1nd\u00e9k egy csoport r\u00e9szleges vagy teljes megsemmis\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9re), amelyet a kritikusok az izraeli politikai \u00e9s katonai vezet\u0151k nyilv\u00e1nos nyilatkozataival \u00e9s a puszt\u00edt\u00e1s m\u00e9rt\u00e9k\u00e9vel t\u00e1masztanak al\u00e1.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"24\">5. Az izraeli v\u00e9delmi argument\u00e1ci\u00f3<\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"25\">Az izraeli \u00e1llam, a korm\u00e1nyzat \u00e9s sz\u00f6vets\u00e9geseik hat\u00e1rozottan visszautas\u00edtj\u00e1k az \u201eapartheid\u201d, \u201eterror\u00e1llam\u201d \u00e9s \u201en\u00e9pirt\u00e1s\u201d v\u00e1ddjaikat, a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 \u00e9rvekre hivatkozva:<\/p>\n<ol start=\"1\" data-path-to-node=\"26\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"26,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"26,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">\u00d6nv\u00e9delemhez val\u00f3 jog:<\/b> \u00c1ll\u00e1spontjuk szerint a katonai fell\u00e9p\u00e9sek a nemzetk\u00f6zileg elismert terrorszervezet, a Hamas elleni exzisztenci\u00e1lis harc r\u00e9sz\u00e9t k\u00e9pezik.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"26,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"26,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">K\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 jogi st\u00e1tusz:<\/b> Hivatkoz\u00e1suk szerint Ciszjord\u00e1nia \u201evitatott ter\u00fclet\u201d, ahol a katonai k\u00f6zigazgat\u00e1s a biztons\u00e1g fenntart\u00e1s\u00e1t szolg\u00e1lja, nem pedig etnikai szuprem\u00e1ci\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"26,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"26,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">\u00c1llampolg\u00e1ri jogok Izraelben:<\/b> Hangs\u00falyozz\u00e1k, hogy az izraeli arab polg\u00e1rok szavazhatnak, jelen vannak a Kneszetben \u00e9s a b\u00edr\u00f3i karban, \u00edgy az orsz\u00e1g bels\u0151 berendezked\u00e9se nem apartheid.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"26,3,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"26,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">H\u00edrszerz\u00e9si sz\u00fcks\u00e9gess\u00e9g:<\/b> Az adminisztrat\u00edv \u0151rizet \u00e9s a titkos bizony\u00edt\u00e9kok haszn\u00e1lata a v\u00e1ratlan terrort\u00e1mad\u00e1sok megel\u0151z\u00e9s\u00e9t \u00e9s az inform\u00e1torok \u00e9let\u00e9nek v\u00e9delm\u00e9t szolg\u00e1lja.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"28\">\u00d6sszegz\u00e9s<\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"29\">Az izraeli \u00e1llami m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9s kritikai elemz\u00e9se nem szimpla politikai stigm\u00e1kr\u00f3l sz\u00f3l, hanem a nemzetk\u00f6zi jog norm\u00e1inak szisztematikus alkalmaz\u00e1s\u00e1r\u00f3l. Mik\u00f6zben a <b data-path-to-node=\"29\" data-index-in-node=\"158\">\u201eterror\u00e1llam\u201d<\/b> megfogalmaz\u00e1s els\u0151sorban a megf\u00e9leml\u00edt\u00e9sre \u00e9s a civil puszt\u00edt\u00e1sra reag\u00e1l\u00f3 politikai min\u0151s\u00edt\u00e9s, az <b data-path-to-node=\"29\" data-index-in-node=\"270\">apartheid<\/b>, a <b data-path-to-node=\"29\" data-index-in-node=\"283\">h\u00e1bor\u00fas b\u0171ncselekm\u00e9nyek<\/b> \u00e9s az <b data-path-to-node=\"29\" data-index-in-node=\"313\">\u00f6nk\u00e9nyes fogvatart\u00e1s<\/b> v\u00e1djait m\u00e9rt\u00e9kad\u00f3 nemzetk\u00f6zi b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gi \u00e9s jogv\u00e9delmi dokumentumok t\u00e1masztj\u00e1k al\u00e1, amelyek szerint az izraeli jog- \u00e9s katonai rendszer alapjaiban s\u00e9rti a nemzetk\u00f6zi humanit\u00e1rius \u00e9s emberi jogi egyezm\u00e9nyeket.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"29\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Az izraeli-palesztin konfliktus k\u00f6r\u00fcli nemzetk\u00f6zi diskurzusban az elm\u00falt \u00e9vekben kulcsk\u00e9rd\u00e9ss\u00e9 v\u00e1lt, hogy a politikai \u00e9s jogi elemz\u0151k, f\u00fcggetlen emberi jogi szervezetek, valamint nemzetk\u00f6zi b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gok milyen kateg\u00f3ri\u00e1kkal \u00edrj\u00e1k le Izrael \u00c1llam m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9s\u00e9t \u00e9s katonai jelenl\u00e9t\u00e9t a megsz\u00e1llt ter\u00fcleteken. A \u201eterror\u00e1llam\u201d politikai v\u00e1dj\u00e1t\u00f3l kezdve az \u201eapartheid\u201d int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyes\u00edtett jogi min\u0151s\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9n \u00e1t a h\u00e1bor\u00fas b\u0171n\u00f6kig \u00e9s a n\u00e9pirt\u00e1s kock\u00e1zat\u00e1ig [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4670,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"wpai_generated_summary":"","tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[31,2],"tags":[106,115,103,162,161,139,100,96,163,160,153,142,155,154,114,105,104],"class_list":["post-4669","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-izrael-igazi-arca","category-featured","tag-cionizmus","tag-ciszjordania","tag-gaza","tag-gaza-haboru","tag-gazai-haboru","tag-gazai-ovezet","tag-hasbara","tag-izrael","tag-izrael-terror","tag-izraeli-telepesek","tag-kozel-kelet","tag-kozel-keleti-konfliktus","tag-mediaelemzes","tag-nemzetkozi-kapcsolatok","tag-netanjhau","tag-palesztin","tag-palesztina"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/antipropaganda.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4669","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/antipropaganda.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/antipropaganda.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/antipropaganda.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/antipropaganda.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4669"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/antipropaganda.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4669\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/antipropaganda.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4670"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/antipropaganda.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4669"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/antipropaganda.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4669"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/antipropaganda.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4669"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}